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The Peace Settlement

The Peace Settlement. A. The Last Year of the War. RS defeated by GR – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 Final offensive push from GR – Spring 1918 Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918 GR now clearly facing defeat – Ludendorff & William II bailed

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The Peace Settlement

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  1. The Peace Settlement

  2. A. The Last Year of the War • RS defeated by GR – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918 • Final offensive push from GR – Spring 1918 • Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918 • GR now clearly facing defeat – Ludendorff & William II bailed • Nov. 3, 1918 – Germans revolt, demand new gov’t • Allies and new German gov’t agree to armistice – Nov. 11, 1918

  3. B. Casualties of the War • 10 million dead • 22 million wounded • “Lost Generation” • Decline in birthrate • Untold number of civilian deaths – war, civil war, starvation • Armenian genocide

  4. B. Revolution in Germany • November Revolution in GR – 1918 • Two parties emerged – Social Democrats & Independent Social Democrats • Karl Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg formed German Communist Party – Dec. 1918 • Communists tried to seize control in Jan. 1919 – crushed by army • Deep fear of communism among German middle class

  5. C. Disintegration of Austro-Hungarian Empire • Hostile nationalism from ethnic minorities • Became independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia • Rivalries among ethnicities would plague region for 80+ years

  6. D. The Peace Settlement: Aims and Disappointments • 27 victorious nations met at Paris – Jan. 1919 • US President Woodrow Wilson & his Fourteen Points • David Lloyd George – became PM b/c of promised punishment to GR • Georges Clemenceau – wanted revenge on GR • Allies also feared spread of Communism • Agreed to League of Nations – Jan. 25, 1919 • Defensive alliance between FR, BR, US

  7. The Fourteen Points • Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers • Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war • Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed • Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels • Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future • Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and welcomed. • Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war. • France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored. • Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality • National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence. • Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea • Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future • Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea. • League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in the future.

  8. E. The Treaty of Versailles • Peace settlement with GR • Article 231 – the War Guilt Clause • GR ordered to pay reparations • Demilitarization • Alsace & Lorrain returned to FR • GR gov’t & people protested – but had no choice

  9. F. The Other Peace Treaties • New nations as a result of the war: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia • BR & FR expanded power in ME – Arab leaders felt betrayed • Justified by “mandates” in new League of Nations • Balfour Declaration – Nov. 1917 • Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” – preserved Turkish sovereignty

  10. G. American Rejection & its Consequences • Failure due to structure or lack of enforcement? • US Senate rejected peace settlement • US & BR withdrew from defensive alliance with FR • FR now isolated

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