第五部分 阅读理解

1. 第五部分 阅读理解

2. 命题揭秘

3. 材料来源 近三年高考阅读理解题的短文材料几乎都来自网络：

4. 体裁题材 近三年高考阅读理解题在体裁和题材方面的情况如下表所示：

5. 特别提示： (1)从体裁上看，尽管2009年高考比较单一，但这并不代表命题的趋势！备考练习时须兼顾各种体裁的文章。本书的“体裁突破”就是引导考生熟悉各种体裁的特点，提高阅读速度和解题的准确率的。 (2)从题材上看，近三年高考题主要涉及社会生活、学校生活、文学、科技和心理等五类，毫无疑问，这些题材仍是备考的重点。复习时注意题材的多样化，本书“题材突破”就选取了一些常考题材进行分类训练。

6. 短文长度 近三年高考英语阅读理解题的短文材料长度如下表所示： 结论与提示： (1)从近三年的高考阅读题来看，每段短文长度在300—400词之间,即350个词左右。每年阅读量基本不变,都在1050—1100个词之间。 (2)考生练习和教师命题选择阅读材料时，选择300—400词之间的材料较好。

7. 短文难度 近三年的生词率和长难句情况如下表所示： 特别提示： 虽然这三年的生词率在逐年降低,而长难句在逐年增加。但是我们认为,这都不代表命题的趋势！生词和长难句多一个少一个,主要由所选材料本身来决定的,绝不会代表所谓的趋势。曾有人常说,生词和长难句在逐年递增,这是没有依据的。

8. 考点设置 试题的难易度也体现在对学生思维层次的要求上，考纲的要求与高考试题的落实情况如下表所示： 特别提示：“理解文章的基本结构”虽然没有直接命题，但考生在阅读时了解文章结构，对迅速准确地定位所需信息非常有用。

9. 解题密招

10. 三种阅读方法 灵活运用以下三种有效的阅读方法，可以大大提高阅读速度和解题速度。 略读(skimming)：就是以尽快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、起始段或结尾段、每段的首尾句、以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等重要部分，以了解文章的大意或主题思想。 查读(scanning)：也叫寻读，就是带着问题去快速阅读，以求在短时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。 研读(study reading)：就是通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到了相关的范围之后，在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读，不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要通过分析、综合、比较、联想等思维方法，并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断，来理解文章的深层含义，以及作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等读。

11. 五步解题方法 对于解题的顺序有的人喜欢先阅读再看题，有的人喜欢先看题再阅读，这要因人而异，本无优劣之分，根据你的习惯来定。我们推荐以下步骤： (1)用略读法了解文章大意及各段的大意。 (2)阅读题干及各个选项，了解考查的内容。 (3)带着问题用查读法到文中找到相关句段。 (4)用研读法理解相关句段，筛选答案。 (5)综合考虑各题所选选项，看是否切合全文主旨。

12. 考点突破

13. 本部分，我们根据考纲上的六点要求，分成21个考点逐个剖析，揭开命题之秘，让考生了解命题特点，掌握应对方法，并进行相应的训练，最终可以各个击破。本部分，我们根据考纲上的六点要求，分成21个考点逐个剖析，揭开命题之秘，让考生了解命题特点，掌握应对方法，并进行相应的训练，最终可以各个击破。

14. 判断代词的指代关系 名师指津 一般说来，this, that, it, they, them, one等代词指代的内容多在这一句的前、后句中(特别是前句)，或者前几个句子中，找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再判定它是否为正确答案。

15. 考点击破 阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) [2009年安徽卷]…People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much more than we will benefit. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees, generally they can only use the land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right now, but in the long run it actually reduces the world’s wood supply.

16. 77. What does the word “this” underlined in the third paragraph refer to? A. We will lose much more than we can gain. B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests. C. People have a strong desire for resources. D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests. (1) A。指代上文内容：前段末的but we will suffer much more than we will benefit。只有选项A与此大意相同。

17. (2) [2009年四川卷]Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far thatitmight not help. 62. The underline word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “”. A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol (2)A。指代前句中的the energy benefit from burning ethanol。

18. (3) [2008年浙江卷]First of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet take a real pounding(重击) running down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I read about a nationally famous jogger who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about. Jogging doesn’t kill hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me. 57. The underlined word “them” most probably refers to____________. A. heart attacks B. back problems C. famous joggers D. physical weaknesses (3)D。代替条件句中的physical weaknesses。由方式状语as they did with me可联想上文的I developed foot, leg, and back problems(我个人就因为慢跑搞得脚、腿和背部都出了毛病)也可进一步确定是指“身体的弱点”。

19. (4) [2008年陕西卷]Photographs are everywhere. They decorate the walls of homes and are used in stores for sales of different goods. The news is filled with pictures of fires, floods, and special events. Photos record the beauties of nature. Theycan also bring things close that are far away. Through photos, people can see wild animals, cities in foreign lands, and even the stars in outer space. Photos also tell stories. 46. The underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refers to . A. beauties B. photos C. goods D. events (4)B。从also可知，本句主语与前句主句相同，即they替代photos。

20. 推断单词的语境意义 名师指津 这类考题包括对生词生义的推测、熟词生义的推测。提问的方式主要有： (1)What does the underlined word “…” in the first paragraph mean? (2)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word？ (3)The underlined word “…”most probably means____. (4)The underlined word “…” could best be replaced by __________. (5)According to the passage, the underlined word “…” is closest in meaning to“_________”.

21. 解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文来推测其意思。另外，有以下几个小技巧：解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文来推测其意思。另外，有以下几个小技巧： (1)根据接近或递进关系：由and或or等来确定生词的义域，推知它的大致意义。 (2)根据选择或相对关系：对比or (要么，或者)前面和后面的句子或词语，来猜测生词的含义。 (3)根据同位或解释关系：通过生词后的定语、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等解释说明来推测其意思。 (4)根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。表示转折的词有but, however, otherwise, though等，表示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等；另外，有时分号也可以表示转折、对比关系。

22. (5)根据因果关系：根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果；也可由果推因。表示因果关系的有because, so that, so/such…that…等。 (6)根据列举的实例：根据such as, for example等后列举的实例推测出前面某个词语的意思。 注意：考题中若是需要推测意思的是熟词，我们必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合下的特殊意思，那些常规含义的选项一般不会是要选择的正确答案。

23. 考点击破 阅读下列段落节选, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中, 选出最佳选项。并思考你在选择过程中运用了什么方法。 (1) [2008江苏卷] So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. 56. The underlined word “ally” in Para.3 most likely means somebody or something that is _________. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you (1)B。根据选择或相对关系。对比Or前后这两个表示选择或相对关系的句子可知，ally与enemy意思相对(反义)，即ally为“朋友”，朋友应是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。

24. (2) [2009年四川卷]July 21st , 2007 was a typical English summer’s day — it rained for 24 hours! As usual, I rushed home from work at midday to check on the house. Nothing was amiss. By the time I left work at 5 pm, however, the road into our village was flooded. Our house had never been flooded but, as I opened the front door, a wave of water greeted me. Thank God the kids weren’t with me, because the house was 5 feet deep in water. We lost everything downstairs. 46. What does the underlined word “amiss” in the first paragraph mean? A. Wrong. B. Missing. C. Right. D. Found. (2)A。根据转折对比关系。由however可知，与下文是转折关系；而根据下文的描述可知，上文所说中午回家检查房子时，“没有一样东西出问题”。其他选项与语境不符。

25. (3) [2008年辽宁卷]A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is a steal at $4.80. 76. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean? A. an act of stealing B. something delicious C. something very cheap D. an act of buying (3)C。根据对比关系。由表示对比关系的By comparison (相比之下)可知，与CD和newspaper的价格相比，hamburger的快餐就算是“便宜的东西”了。

26. (4) [2008年辽宁卷]Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules（分子）held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP. 74. What does “glycol” in underlined word “glycoprotein” in the this paragraph mean? A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. molecule (4)A。因果推断法，因为含有糖(Because of its sugar content)，所以这种蛋白质(protein)就叫做“糖蛋白(glycoprotein)”。

27. (5) [2009年山东卷] …They’ve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. 68. The underlined word “deter” in Paragraph 3 most probably means . A. discourage B. remove C. benefit D. free (5)A。因果推断法。因为吸烟者特别是青少年对价格敏感，所以提高烟草税(raise money)的结果是：阻止(discourage)他们十几岁就染上吸烟的习惯。

28. (6) [2008年天津卷]We sometimes told ourselves that what we were doing in the woods was exploring. … Often we got “lost” and had to climb a tree to find out where we were. If you read a story in which someone does that successfully, be skeptical: the topmost branches are usually too skinny to hold weight, and we could never climb high enough to see anything except other trees. 58. The underlined word “skeptical” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. calm B. doubtful C. serious D. optimistic (6)B。根据冒号后的解释：“树顶端的树枝往往太细而不能承受重量，除了能看到其他树，我们决不可能在这颗树上爬到足够高可以看到更多东西”可知，如果你在故事中看到说有人在森林中迷路后能够爬到树上去找到了出路，这是“不可信的”或“值得怀疑的”。

29. (7) [2009年全国II卷] I know what you’re thinking: pizza（比萨饼）？For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have last night’s leftovers in the a.m. if you want to. 41. The word “leftovers” in paragraph 1 probably means ______. A. food remaining after a meal B. things left undone C. meals made of vegetables D. pizza topped with fruit (7)A。语境推断法。由前文的pizza和“For breakfast？”及have(吃)可知leftovers是food，由last night’s及其中的left可知，是“剩下的食物”，故选A。

30. (8) [2008年全国I卷]Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins, but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater. 63. The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something ___________. A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift (8) B。语境推断法。这种菠萝卖得很快，说明健康食品的食客总是爱买这种东西，即这种东西总是出现在他们的购物篮里，故选B。

31. 推断短语或句子的意思 名师指津 推断短语和句子的意思，跟推断单词的意思一样，可以根据前后的因果关系、对比关系、转折关系、递进关系等逻辑关系来判断，但更重要的是要善于根据上下文的内容，结合语境理解某个短语的具体含义或某个句子的深层含义。 注意：字面意义往往不是要选的答案，考查的往往是隐含意义。

32. 考点击破 阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) [2009年天津卷]Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits die hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 37. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” probably mean? A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly. C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly. (1)D。由本句句意可知，特别是in many areas和long after the meaning is lost等关键字眼，以及die这个词本身的意思，可以推断是“慢慢消失”的意思。

33. (2) [2009年全国I卷]When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest, it’s hard not to wonder if the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.… “Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing,” says Peter Schantz. Monkey-pox may be the wake-up call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know very little about these new diseases. … 68. What does the phrase “the wake-up call” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. a new disease B. a clear warning C. a dangerous animal D. a morning call (2)B。由上文可知“猴痘是通常在非洲热带雨林里的动物身上才有的疾病，现在突然出现在人类身上”，有人建议要修改相关法律，为什么？因为猴痘给人类来带了“一种明确的警示”：有病的宠物可能会传染主人，而人类对这样的疾病知之甚少。本小题也可直接根据构词法来猜测。

34. (3) [2009年陕西卷]Not all of Mom’s advice passed the test of medical studies. For example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating. But research suggests that there is no danger in doing so. Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don’t hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales. After all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated (积累) from thousands of years of experience in family health care. 53. The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means”_____”. A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable (3)A。由there is still a lot of truth(依然有很大的可信度)可知，前面是讲“尽管有的传统信念是不可信的(don’t hold water)”。

35. (4) [2009年天津卷]I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language—the way it can evoke(唤起) an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all—all the Englishes I grew up with. 41. By saying “Language is the tool of my trade”, the author means that ______. A. she uses English in foreign trade B. she is fascinated by languages C. she works as a translator D. she is a writer by profession (4) D。联想首句可知“语言是我谋生的工具”的含义是“我是一位专业作家”。

36. (5) [2009年北京卷]So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, so we’re almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管),” architect David Allison says. “How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them? That’s what we’re all struggling with.” 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that ______. A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researches so far have faults in themselves C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns (5)D。由因果关系可知，因为我们研究有限，所以理解还不够全面。

37. (6) [2009年湖北卷]Sunday is more like Monday than it used to be. Places of business that used to keep daytime “business hours” are now open late into the night. A half century ago in the United States, most people experienced strong and precise dividing lines between days of rest and days of work, school time and summer time. Today the boundaries still exist, but they seem not clear. 71. By saying “Sunday is more like Monday than it used to be,” the writer means that __________. A. work time is equal to rest time B. many people have a day off on Monday C. it is hard for people to decide when to rest D. the line between work time and rest time is unclear (6)D。由本段叙述的内容，特别是最后一句可知，休息时间和工作时间的分界线不明显了。

38. (7) [2009年辽宁卷]The government of India has planned to send a team to China to see how things are done. A minister once said that India must open the doors for more foreign investment (投资) and such a step would “work wonders as it did for China”. But it’s a two-way street. I just heard about a thousand Shenzhen office workers who have gone to Rangalore to train in software. Meanwhile, all the IT majors are setting up a strong presence in China. 57. What does the author mean by “it’s a two-way street’? A. China and India have different traffic rules. B. Tea trade works wonders in both India and China. C. Chinese products are popular in both China and India. D. The exchanges between India and China benefit both. (7)D。上段说印度派人到中国学习，本段中提及深圳的员工去印度学IT，由此可知，“中印两国的交流对双方都有好处”。

39. (8) • [2008年四川卷]Hiking(远足) • Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists. • 52. What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? • keep everything out of campgrounds. • B. take away everything you bring in. • C. carry all the necessary food. • D. look after your personal belongings. (8)B。根据结果句“不要给你的观光留下任何痕迹”可知，“把带进来的东西全部要带出去”，故选B。

40. 巧解语意转换题 名师指津 这类试题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问，可能只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节。这类题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思，即语意转换。解题时注意以下两点： (1)用题干或选项中的关键词在文中搜索(寻读)找到题眼，迅速锁定相关词句或信息点，这是解题的依据所在。 (2)如果题干中含有否定意义的词语，如有not, except, least等，要特别留心。

41. 考点击破 阅读下列短文或段落, 从每题所给的四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。 (1) [2009年广东卷]Lisa was running late. Lisa, 25, had a lot to do at work, plus visitors on the way: her parents were coming in for Thanksgiving from her hometown. But as she hurried down the subway stairs, she started to feel uncomfortably warm. By the time she got to the platform, Lisa felt weak and tired— maybe it hadn’t been a good idea to give blood the night before, she thought. She rested herself against a post close to the tracks.

42. (2) [2008年广东卷]Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics. But sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.

43. 46. You need to build a positive self-image when you _________. • dare to challenge yourself • B. feel it hard to change yourself • C. are unconfident about yourself • D. have a high opinion of yourself (2)C。用build a positive self-image搜索(寻读)找到题眼：If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself(如果你觉得自信是一种挑战时，就是你该建立积极的自我形象并学会爱自己的时候了)。“自信是一种挑战”也就是“缺乏自信”时，故选C。

44. (3) [2007年广东卷]Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality, but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts. They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout the time. So it seems that the first clocks were human beings. However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past.

45. 43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to measure the time? • Counting the beating of one’s own heart. • B. Making use of candles, sand and water. • C. Observing shadows cast by the sun. • D. Keeping slaves busy day and night. (3)D。由文中…measuring the time of day according to the beating of their own hearts可知选项A正确；由to use the shadows cast by the sun，可知选项C正确；由They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour-glasses, and invented water-clocks可知，选项B正确。虽然文中有kept special slaves to tell the time的字样，但“让一些特别的奴隶根据心脏的跳动来报时间”与选项D“让奴隶日夜忙碌”是不同意思的。故D不是文中提到的报时的方法。注意题干中的NOT。

46. (4) [2008年江西卷]According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn(独角兽) had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast without being hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree.

47. 57.To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT ___________. A. tempting the unicorn to attack B. making use of the tree as a protection C. hiding quickly behind the unicorn D. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree (4)C。由stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it可知B正确；由when its horn was stuck in the tree可知D正确；从整个过程来看，如果不“引诱它来攻击”怎么会“将角插入到树干里面”？故A正确。是躲在树后而不是躲在独角兽后，故C错。

48. (5) [2009年陕西卷]Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U.S. president; he is also the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for the White House. His is an all-American story of success. Edmonds grew up in Baltimore, Maryland; his father drove a truck, and his mother worked as a waitress. A great reader, Edmonds showed a gift for writing at his high School, Baltimore City College. After graduating in 1967, Edmonds went on to Morgan State University. …President Clinton then appointed him to the office of director of speechwriting. Following the 2000 elections, Edmonds returned to Morgan State University as the school’s special assistant to the president for 2001--2002.

49. 46. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? A. Edmonds proved himself to be good at writing at high school. B. Edmonds graduated from Morgan State University in 1967. C. Edmonds was the first full-time speechwriter. D. Edmonds served the White House after 2000. (5)A。用选项A中的high school搜索，在第二段中找到Edmonds showed a gift for writing at his high School(埃德蒙兹中学时就表现出在写作方面的天赋)，与选项A“埃德蒙兹中学时就证明自己善长于写作”大意相同，故选A。选项B“1967年埃德蒙兹大学毕业”与“1967年上大学”不符，应排除；选项C比文中少了African和for a U.S. president两个关键信息，应排除；选项D是2000年改选前，而不是改选后，应排除。

50. 巧解数字计算题 名师指津 这是细节题的一种，要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，通过计算，得出正确结论。这类计算题一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。