Drug Consumption among Young Adults : 12-Months Prevalence

1. Examining the Social Norms Approach for the Prevention and Reduction of Drug Use in University and College Students in seven European CountriesThe Social Norms Intervention for the Prevention of Polydrug Use (SNIPE) StudyClaudia R. Pischke, PhD, Stefanie Helmer, MSc, Katharina Gallois, MSc, Rafael Mikolajczyk, PhD MD, HajoZeeb, PhD MD, Guido van Hal, PhD, Bart Vriesacker, MSc, John McAlaney, PhD, Robert Dempsey, PhD, Bridgette Bewick, PhD, Christiane Stock, PhD, SolveigBoggildDohrmann,Francisco GuillenGrima, PhD, Olga Orosova, PhD, Ferdinand Salonna, PhD,OndrejKalina, MA, YildizAkvardar, PhDEuropean CommissionDirectorate General Justice, Freedom and Security (JLS/2009-2010/DPIP/AG)

2. Drug Consumptionamong Young Adults: 12-Months Prevalence Licit drugs Alcohol ~ 94% Binge drinking~21% (at least 1x month) Tobacco ~ 38% men, ~ 30% women Illicit drugs Any ~ 16% Cannabis ~15% Amphetamines ~3% Ecstasy ~1% Cocaine ~2% Spice ~1.9% Heroin ~0.2% European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010 National Report (2009 Data) EMCDDA National Report Germany 2010 (2009 Data)

3. The Roleof Peers… The SocialNorms Approach

4. Perceived Social Norms Re: Legal Drug Use among College and University Students US & Canada & Australia Binge drinking, Tobacco use, Marihuana use e.g.,Haines & Barker, 2003 (In: Perkins, 2003); Kilmer et al., J Stud Alcohol, 2006 Europe – Scotland, England, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Romania, Czech Republic, Finland, Denmark Binge drinking e.g.,McAlaney et al., J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2007; Bewick et al., Addict Behav, 2008; Page et al., Subst Use Misuse, 2008

5. Effects of Social Norms Interventions Change toward less exaggerated perception of peer alcohol and tobacco use Reduced alcohol & tobacco consumption Perkins, Addict Behav, 2007 Page et al., Subst Use Misuse,2008 Larimer et al., J Stud Alcohol Drugs,2009 Moreira et al., Cochrane Library, 2009

6. Objectives – SNIPE Project To assess and compare self-reported frequency of the consumption of licit and illicit drugs among university and college students in seven European countries To examine the effects of an internet ‘social norms’ intervention on rates of both licit and illicit drug use over the course of 5 months To examine the feasibility of this e-health intervention in the European context

7. Design Intervention Group: Access to a website portal providing individualized social norms feedback (N=1000) Delayed Intervention Control Group:Access to the intervention website after study completion (N=1000) Baseline and 5-months Follow-up Assessments: → Perceptions of personal and peer drug use → Rates of personal licit and illicit drug use

8. Workstream 0 (University of Bremen): Project Coordination Monitoring of project activities Management of internal communication Setting up of a steering committee Management of financial issues Workstream 1 (University of Antwerp): Intervention Development • Literature review • Design of the intervention format Screening (Personalized) social norms feedback • Development of website and platform • Pre-testing of the intervention • Translation of the intervention

9. Workstream 2 (University of Bradford):Survey and Intervention Application Survey design Survey testing Survey and intervention implementation (baseline, 5-months follow-up) Analysis of survey data Workstream 3 (University of Leeds): Intervention Process Evaluation • Process evaluation of the implementation of the social norms intervention → Neither involved in the development of the survey nor intervention

10. Workstream 4 (University of Southern Denmark):Dissemination Development of a flyer Workshops / Seminars Study website: www.snipe-study.eu Exchange program for young researchers in the field of social norms research

11. Study Registration vs. Participation * Germany: 2 control sites Slovak Republic: 2 intervention, 2 control sites Turkey: 5 control sites

12. Challenges during Recruitment • Difficulttogetuniversities on board • Different channelsofrecruitment: Email, lectures/seminars, facebook, postcards/flyer, radio, university homepages • Novelty of web-based intervention

13. Perceived vs. Actual Rates of Alcohol Consumption _____________ Overestimation in all countries -------------------------- * data refer to the last two months before survey

14. Perceived vs. Actual Rates of Cannabis Consumption * data refer to the last two months before survey

15. Alcohol Tobacco Cannabis Alcohol & Smoking Click on the links next to the SPIN-man to find out how youcomparewith other students… Did you know? 99% of male students at the University of Bradford have never used cocaine

16. General Alcohol Use (in the last two months) ? I said “I drank alcohol once every two weeks in the last two months” Alcohol Tobacco “I think that the majority of male students at Bradforddrank alcohol once a week” Cannabis Most male students (68%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking We think that the majority of male Bradford studentsdrank alcoholat least once a week Did you know? 96%of male students from Bradford have NEVER used hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, acid, mushrooms) Actually, most male students from Bradford (60%)drank alcohol once a week or less! Number of alcoholic drinks consumed Click here! What about getting drunk on alcohol? Click here!

17. Smoking Cannabis (in the last two months) ? I said ‘I haven’t used cannabis’ Alcohol ‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford use cannabis once every two weeks’ Tobacco Cannabis Most male students (68%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking We think the majority of male students at the University of Bradford used cannabis at least once in the past two months Did you know? 88% of male students at Bradford think that it is never OK to use inhalants(e.g., glue, petrol, paint thinner)

18. Smoking tobacco whilst drinking (in the last two months) ‘I smoked cigarettes whilst drinking alcohol once a fortnight’ I said Alcohol ‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford smoked cigarettes whilst drinking alcohol once in the past two months’ Tobacco Cannabis Most male students (80%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking Did you know? 88% of male students from the University of Bradford have never used ecstasy We think that most male Bradford students have smoked cigarettes when drinking alcohol at least twicein the past 2 months Actually, most male students from Bradford (64%)have notsmoked cigarettes whilst drinking alcohol!

19. BIPS, Bremen University, Germany Claudia R. Pischke, Stefanie Helmer, Katharina Gallois, Rafael Mikolajczyk, Hajo Zeeb University Antwerp, Belgium Guido van Hal, Bart Vriesacker University of Bradford, UK John McAlaney University of Leeds, UK Bridgette Bewick University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Christiane Stock, Solveig Boggild Dohrmann University of Navarra, Spain Francisco Guillen Grima University of Kosice, Slovakia Olga Orosova, Ferdinand Salonna, Ondrej Kalina Marmara University, Turkey Yildiz Akvardar European Commission Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security (JLS/2009-2010/DPIP/AG)

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21. Getting Drunk On Alcohol (in the last two months) ? ‘I have been drunk twice in the last 2 months’ I said Alcohol ‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford get drunk weekly’ Tobacco Cannabis Most male students (68%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking We think that the majority of other male Bradford students got drunk at least twicein the past two months Did you know? 96% of male students at Bradfordhave NEVERused non-prescribed medication(such as ritalin) to improve academic performance  Actually, most male Bradford students (76%)got drunkno more than twicein the past 2 months! More info about general alcohol use…? Click here! Number of alcoholic drinks consumed Click here!

22. Number Of Drinks (in the last two months) ? I said ‘I have 5 alcoholic drinks during a typical drinking session’ Alcohol ‘I think most male students at Bradforddrank 6 alcoholic drinks during a typical drinking session’ Tobacco Cannabis Most male students (60%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking “We think most male Bradford students drank at least 5 alcoholic drinksduring a typical drinking session” Did you know? 71%of male students at Bradford think it’s never ok to use ecstacy Actually, most male Bradford students (68%)drankno more than 4 alcoholic drinksduring a typical drinking session! More info about general alcohol use…? Click here! What about getting drunk on alcohol? Click here!

23. Smoking Tobacco (in the last two months) ? ‘I smoked cigarettes twice a week’ I said Alcohol ‘I think the majority of male students from Bradford smoke cigarettes daily’ Tobacco Cannabis Most male students (76%) at Bradford University said: Alcohol & Smoking We think most male Bradford students smoke at least one cigarette a fornight Did you know? 96% of male Bradford students haveNEVER used sedatives or sleeping pills (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam)

24. HarmfulHealthConsequencesof… Licit Drug Use Pulmonary diseases Cardiovascular problems Cancers Mental health disorders Infertility Preterm delivery, stillbirth Liver disease Memory loss Accidents Illicit Drug Use Overdose death Infectious diseases Kidney damage Mental health disorders Neurological damage European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010 Center for Disease Control, 2011 World Health Organisation, 2011 National Institutes of Health, 2011

25. Model of Social Norms Approach to Health Promotion Baseline Identify actual and misperceived norms Intervention Intensive exposure to actual norm Predicted Results messages Less exaggerated Reduction in misperceptions harmful behavior of norms Increase in healthy behavior + Perkins, 2003, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 3-17.