Future Research

1. Conclusion Selected References Discussion Future Research • CD154A, IFN-γ, and IL-10 genes all showed significant stimulation in most of the tested conditions; however, the IL1F9 gene only showed a response to PWM and PHA. • There are 10 cycle difference for PWM and the 5 cycle difference for PHA represent roughly a 1000x fold increase and a 32x fold increase for these two mitogens. • IL1F9 gene, which shows significantly elevated expression in papilloma tissue from patients with severe RRP, is mainly produced by the monocytes in PBMC. Immune cells in the periphery are capable of producing IL-1F9 The cellular sub-type that is primarily producing this cytokine was identified through magnetic separation of monocytes from the PBMC This result has implications for both the innate and adaptive immune response, not only in patients with RRP, but for immunology in general Armstrong, L. R., C. S. Derkay and W. C. 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Szeps, Michael, Liselotte Dahlgren, Leena-Maija Aaltonen, John O¨ hd, Lena Kanter-Lewenshon, Hanna Dahlstrand, Eva Munck-Wikland, Dan Grande and Tina Dalianis. “Human Papillomavirus, Viral Load and Prolieferation Rate in Recurrent Respiratory Papilomatosis in Response to Alpha Interferon Treatment.” Journal of General Virology. (2005), 86, 1695–1702 Termini, Lara, Enrique Boccardo, Gustavo H. Esteves, Roberto Hirata, Waleska K. Martins, Anna Estela L. Colo, E Jordao Neves, Luisa L. Villa, and Luiz Reis. "Chracterization of Global Transcription Profile of Normal and HPV-immortalized Keratinocytes and their Response to TNF Treatment." BMC Medical Genomics. 1 (2008): 29. Towne, J. E., K. E. Garka, B. R. Renshaw, G. D. Virca, and J. E. Sims. “Interleukin (IL)-1F6, IL-1F8, and IL-1F9 Signal through IL-1Rrp2 and IL-1RAcP to Activate the Pathway Leading to NF-_B and MAPKs” J Biol Chem (2004):279:13677- 13688  Yang R, Murillo FM, Cui H, et al. “Papillomavirus-like Particles Stimulate Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells to Produce Alpha Interferon and Th1 Immune Responses via MyD88.” J Virol. 2004;78:11152-11160. Further studies will focus on the primary role and function of IL1F9 on innate and adaptive immune response. Future studies will involve papilloma tissue or patient sample to directly examine the new findings from this study in actual patients.