T he Transition from State/NGO Care to Adulthood: International B est P ractice

1. The Transition from State/NGO Care to Adulthood:International Best Practice Children in Crisis Conference Monday 7 October 2013 Dr Nicola Atwool, Senior Lecturer, University of Otago

2. Overview • Outcomes for care leavers • New Zealand research on care leavers • What makes a difference? • Where are we in New Zealand? • Current challenges • The way forward

3. Outcomes for care leavers • Across the English-speaking world there is evidence of poor outcomes for care leavers in all domains of their lives: • Accommodation • Educational attainment • Employment and Income • Social support and family relationships • Physical and mental health • Alcohol and substance abuse • Offending • Victimisation • Early entry to parenthood

4. New Zealand research • Internationally attention has been focused on the needs of care leavers since the 1980s • First New Zealand research was published in 2000 • There have been no prospective longitudinal studies of care leavers in New Zealand • Trish Ward’s analysis of the case files of 35 16 year olds as at 1 April 1997 demonstrated that, like their counterparts in other countries, they were a highly vulnerable group ill-prepared for independent living • 63% of case files made no reference to pending independence • 29% of Orders were discharged early • Deborah Yates’ in-depth exploration of the experience of 8 care leavers reinforced these findings and the picture that emerged was very similar to that provided by international research.

5. Impetus for change • In his December 2000 Ministerial review of Child, Youth and Family, Mick Brown recommended that consideration be given to 16 year-olds in care with insufficient support being placed in the guardianship of the Chief Executive and supported constructively through their transition to adulthood at least to the age of 20 • Cousins (2000) reviewed best practice models for young people leaving care and recommended two models developed in the UK and Australia as appropriate for NZ • Cousins also highlighted the lack of specific legislative provision for services for care leavers

6. More recent research • Fitzgerald, Mortlock & Jeffs (2006) reported on interviews with 7 care leavers in Christchurch: • All described having little support at the time they left care • Recommended changes that could be implemented including: • life skills, mentors, support to continue education and ongoing care to age 25 if needed. • PaniaCoote (2007) interviewed 5 care leavers in Southland. Findings were very similar to those of Ward and Yates. • Focused on loss of connection with family and recommendations included revisiting Puao-te-ata-tu, more emphasis on family connection and transition planning. • Leoni (2007) interviewed 8 care leavers and 10 professionals and community members. Her findings indicate similar levels of difficulty and 2 participants had become isolated from whānau during their time in care and remained so.

7. Other evidence • The Welfare Working Group reported in 2010 that those most at risk of long-term welfare dependence (around 2,400) enter the system through Independent Youth Benefit, Emergency Maintenance Allowance or Domestic Purposes benefit before the age of 18. • 60% of that group were reported to have had previous contact with, or were in the care of, CYF • MSD (2011) reports that most people at high risk of life-course persistent offending were known to CYF before entering the corrections system. • People with CYF records account for 80% of those imprisoned by age 20.

8. Other evidence • ECPAT Child Alert (2010) interviewed 13 young people engaged in under-age prostitution • Six identified having been in the care of Child, Youth and Family • Of these many were homeless and living on the streets at the time • Two had been involved with prostitution from the age of 12, three at 14, and one at 16

9. Best Practice • Care leaving process • Programmesneed to reflect 3 stages of transition: preparation; managing the transition; post-care mentoring and support • Focus on interdependence • Networks of support with meaningful connections • Inclusion of birth family and caregivers in transition planning • Provision of a coordinated range of services • Living skills • Secure and safe accommodation • Access to education, training or employment • Financial support • Access to general health services and any specialist services • A designated coordinator for each care leaver • Legislative and policy framework

10. Critical Factors • Extending care beyond the age of 18 • Establishing and consolidating personal identity is a key aspect of the developmental transition to adulthood • Particularly challenging for care leavers if they do not have a coherent narrative of their lives or have unresolved trauma • Must have access to information and therapeutic support if needed • Care leavers are not all the same! 3 groups have been identified: • Moving on • Survivors • Victims • Important to start with an assumption that all care leavers need support and tailor this to the particular challenges each group/individual faces

11. New Zealand situation • In December 2009 there were 1,437 young people aged 14–16 in the custody of CYF and 89 aged 17 or over • By 30 June 2012 there were 834 14–16 year olds in the custody of CYF and 24 aged 17 or over • Young people exit care at 17, younger than any other English-speaking country • CYF has a transition policy in line with best practice but there is no legislation to back this up and indications are that application is inconsistent and the most challenging young people are likely to have an abrupt transition. • OCC (2010) report on Children in Care noted that: • Caregivers, social workers and lawyers highlighted this as an area of concern • Many of the 47 young people interviewed expressed anxiety about what would happen when they reached their 17th birthday • The only young people who made any reference to transition support knew about Dingwall’s Launch programme

12. Current challenges • Accommodation has been identified as a key area of difficulty • Limited provision of youth-friendly housing options • High youth unemployment • Creation of a new category of young people: NEET (not in education, employment, or training) • 16–18 year old young parents • 16–18 year old partners of a person with a child • 16–17 year old partners without a child • 16–17 year olds not supported by family • Two benefits: Youth Payment and Young Parent Payment • Administered by Youth Service Providers designated by MSD • MSD role is centralised • Different providers in different areas • Conditions attached

13. Implications for Care Leavers • Complex system to negotiate • Not everybody is aware of the changes further limiting the support available to young people • Obligation on young people to fulfil criteria • Resources to support compliance are not necessarily available • Budgeting services • Parenting programmes appropriate for teen parents • Early childhood education services • Education facilities for teen parents (Teen Parent Units) • Some PHOs are at capacity and not accepting new enrolments • No safety net for those who do not comply

14. Where to from here? • White Paper • Children in care are identified as vulnerable • New multi-agency strategy for children and young people in care • Stronger transitions from State care returning to a parent, to a Home for Life or to independent living as a young adult • How can this be ensured?

15. The way forward • Internationally progress has only been made when specific legislative provision has been made for care leaving services • Effective transition planning involves a multi-agency approach and collaborative partnerships to ensure access to: accommodation; education, vocational training and employment; income support; mentoring; and social networks. • Research highlights that transition is a 3 stage process involving in-care preparation, exit support, and after care services. • Care leavers’ needs vary and support must be individually tailored • Models of best practice exist • Current projects demonstrate what is achievable and where improvements can be made

16. Amendment to CYPF Act 1989 • New section that applies to a person aged between 15 and 20 who has been in custody or care of CYF, iwi, cultural or family support social service, for at least 3 months • Organisation must consider what advice and assistance the person will need to become and remain independent after they leave care and • Provide, or arrange for the provision of, that advice and assistance to the extent that it reasonably relates to the period before the person leaves care or custody • Young person can request advice or assistance • Information • Assistance with accommodation, education, training or employment • Legal advice • Counselling • Financial assistance in exceptional circumstances

17. Conclusion • We do not expect our own children to leave home at 17 and become fully independent. • All young people leaving care need on-going support • Many will require comprehensive and coordinated support packages that continue for three years or more • It is extremely unlikely that such a service will be established and funded by government • The majority of care leavers are likely to be more receptive to community-based support rather than continued involvement with a government-funded service • These are our young people and we have a collective responsibility to ensure that they have the opportunity to achieve positive outcomes