Cognitive Modeling of Motivations for Artificial Agents

1. Cognitive Modeling of Motivations for Artificial Agents Gordon Bernedo Schneider

2. A pathological case of impaired behavior • UB is a compulsion to use objects • Interpretation of UB: The behavior is unsufficiently controlled by goals/intentions • If affordances do exist, there must be a mechanism to restrict the amount of affordances • Motivational research searches for the determinants of action • Don‘t regard affordances in isolation Lhermitte, F. (1983). 'Utilization behavior' and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain, 106, 237-255. Universität Kassel, WZ USF

3. Overview • Terms and Definitions • Intention Oriented Modeling • PSI-Theory • Affordances and Motives Universität Kassel, WZ USF

4. Terms and Definitions • Needs (Bedarf) • Variation of the desired value from the actual value • Urge (Bedürfnis) • Notified need • Motives • biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that move and direct behavior (and perception). • Basic built-in goals of a system • function: attain success and avoid pain • motive = urge + goal (or objectives). • Intentions are based on motives. Furthermore they consist of: • The history of the agent • The starting point • Plans • ... Universität Kassel, WZ USF

5. Overview • Terms and Definitions • Intention Oriented Modeling • PSI-Theory • Affordances and Motives Universität Kassel, WZ USF

6. Level of Description –Intention oriented Modeling • Basic concept • The goal-orientedness of the agents comes to the fore • Knowledge, goals, desires, preferences, plans, commitments... • Modeling • BDI • Usage of mental and dynamic logics • Advantages • Exploitation of psychological models • High expressional power Universität Kassel, WZ USF

7. Overview • Terms and Definitions • Intention Oriented Modeling • PSI-Theory • Affordances and Motives Universität Kassel, WZ USF

8. PSI-theorie Figure 1: Action-regulation Dörner and Schaub (Internet-Publikation) Universität Kassel, WZ USF

9. PSI-theorie Figure 1: Action-regulation Dörner and Schaub (Internet-Publikation) Universität Kassel, WZ USF

10. PSI-theorie Figure 1: Action-regulation Dörner and Schaub (Internet-Publikation) Expectation X Value Universität Kassel, WZ USF

11. PSI-theorie Figure 1: Action-regulation Dörner and Schaub (Internet-Publikation) Universität Kassel, WZ USF

12. PSI-theorie Figure 1: Perception Dörner and Schaub (Internet-Publikation) Universität Kassel, WZ USF

13. Resolution level • The resolution level is the degree of accuracy, in which an activity is persued. • The resolution level is the degree of information processing which is carried out to explore circumstances. • The degree of resolution is determined by • The arousal (Aktiviertheit), • The urgency of the motives and • The importance of the urge • If an operator can be applied on a specific situation, it is the result of a comparison of features from the memory and the underlying condition. • A high degree of resolution means: • A high precision in the processes involved in comparison • A deep elaboration of plans and hypotheses Universität Kassel, WZ USF

14. Overview • Terms and Definitions • Intention Oriented Modeling • PSI-Theory • Affordances and Motives Universität Kassel, WZ USF

15. What did we see? • Utilization Behavior • Stimulus  Response • Normal Behavior • Information is actively processed (the environment is individually mapped and appraised on the basis of subjective perception) • Stimulus  Organism  Response Universität Kassel, WZ USF

16. Stimulus – Motives – Affordances • Affordances should not be regarded seperately, they have to be integrated into a cognitive architecture. • An observer is in need of a certain function, because of his present motivational or emotional state. • Agents have to adapt themselves to outer and inner environments • We only understand adapted behavior, if we regard the triad Stimulus – Motives – Affordances • Regarding the degree of resolution might be fruitful to perception under constraints Universität Kassel, WZ USF