Hajnalka Fényes, Veronika Bocsi :

1. Hajnalka Fényes, Veronika Bocsi: Values and the Motivations of Higher Education Students’ Volunteering in a Borderland Central Eastern European Region The presentation is part of the HERD: Higher Education for Social Cohesion Cooperative Research and Development in a Cross-border Area"  (HURO/0901/253/2.2.2.) research project and supported by the European Union European Regional Development Fund. MSzT conference CEU, Budapest, 9. November 2012.

2. We examine the relation of value preferences of students and their volunteering activity. • Although much research deal with volunteering, a relatively a small amount of studies examine the volunteering of higher education studentsand the effects on it. • We suppose − based on the literature − that the effect of values on volunteering (which are related to the motivations of volunteering of students) are more pronounced than the effect of socio-demographic variables, and values are related to the type of voluntary activity(traditional or new) as well among students.

3. Databases and the examined region • We used the database of the HERD research. The data collection took place in the Partium region which is a historically cross-border region of Hungary, Romania and the Ukraine. The data collection took place in tertiary-level institutions of the three countries in 2012. • We examined only the Hungarian and Ukrainian part of the Partium region, and the Branch of Babes-Bolyai University in Satu Mare (N=1471). • The research was conducted among first year and third year Bachelor’s training full time students and first year Master’s training full time students. We asked students proportionately at different faculties, so the sample is representative concerning the faculties (we weighted cases to ensure the representativity due to the unequal answering willingness). We have made cluster sampling; we asked all the students in the chosen seminar groups which were selected at random.

4. Volunteering • it is a non-obligatory activity, • it is carried out for the benefit of others (individuals, or specific organizations or society as a whole), • it is unpaid and • normally it takes place in an organized context (Voicu and Voicu 2003, Meijts et al. 2003, Wilson 2000, Chaan, Amrofell 1994, Handy et al. 2010, Dekker, Halman 2003, Bartal 2010)

5. Types of volunteering • Traditional: based on altruistic values (being useful for the society, doing something for others) and on the importance of social interactions and community. • New type of volunteering: Modern motivations: career development, personal growth, work experience, professional improvement, gaining information, developing and practicing skills, getting a job more easily, enlarging human capital, making friends, meeting people with similar interest, useful leisure activity (learning and practicing sports and cultural activities). • Among young generation the mixed motivation type is also frequent, e. g. helping others is important for the students with modern motivations. (Perpék 2012, Czike, Kuti 2006, Stefanescu, Osvat 2011, Handy et al. 2010)

6. The relation between values and volunteering How can we locate volunteering in the field of value preferences? • We can find related items among the values of Rokeach’s (1973) test (both in instrumental and terminal values). • The life-course examination of Morris - Christian type: being kind, helping others (Varga 2003) • The typology of Schwartz (1992) (both types of volunteering)

7. The typology of Schwartz (1992)

8. The roots of volunteering • Evolutionary Psychology and human-ethological models (Csányi 1994, Bereckei 2009). • Theory of actions (Weber 1987) • Cultural and social roots (Kluckhohn 1951, Csepeli 2005) • Religious roots (Hamilton 1998, Fukuyama 1992)

9. What factors effect volunteering? • The individualist-collective axis (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005, Triandis 1990). • Modernization process (Weber 2001, Inglehart 1997) • Effect of the political actors and the state – Eastern Europe: special position • Effect of formal institutions – for example higher educational institutions (Veroszta 2010) We must emphasize the fact that in any case the background of actions aiming at the community that can be grasped in values is formed in complicated economic, cultural, social, religious and political constellation.

10. Previous results • OTKA project at theUniversity of Debrecen (Fényes, Kiss 2011a, 2011b, Fényes - Pusztai 2012a) • The demographic variables, such as age or gender did not effect volunteering. • Only the more well-to-do students could afford to do volunteering, which may be due to the fact, that the examined university is situated in a relatively underdeveloped region of Hungary. • Among the effect of values, preference for material well-being and enjoyable life reduced the probability of volunteering, but preferring happiness, true friendship and helpfulness increased it. • Religiosity increased volunteering, especially churchgoing (religiosity as a social capital factor) • Reason of volunteering: helping others was significantly more popular among religious and among explicitly non religious students. This can be due to the fact that the not hesitating, explicitly non-religious students might prefer humanistic values, and helping others isalso important for them.(Fényes-Pusztai 2012b: HERD project)

11. Methods and examined variables • we used cluster and factor analyses, compare means runs and logistic regression analysis examined variables: • if the students volunteer during their studies or not (dependent), • if yes, why he/she volunteer (with 6 possible answers), • value preferences (with 16 item), where the importance is measured by 1-4 and 4 factor variables created from the 16 value preference variables. • gender (1: male, 0: female), • age (which did not vary much, as only full time university students were asked) • social background variables such as parents’ educational level (years of study), if the parents read or not, the type of the place of residence (town or village), the financial position of the students and parents (possible financial problems (yes/no), durable consumer goods of parents’ and children’s (indexes), if the family go on summer holiday or not • two variables concerning the religiosity of the student (one variable is if he/she religious or not, and other, whether someone is churchly religious or not)

14. Final cluster centers(only volunteers)

17. Summary • Our results show that the “hedonistic – intellectual” and “conservative” factors of value preferences have increased the frequency of volunteering. • Our further result is that the “hedonistic – intellectual” factor is positively related to the new and mixed type of volunteering, the “pacifist – micro – community” factor to the traditional and mixed type and the “romantic” factor to the mixed type. • Further, our logistic regression model shows, that religiosity, especially church related religiosity and the “hedonistic – intellectual” factor has increased the chance of volunteering, but the socio-demographic variables have only a small effect on it.

18. Thanks for your attention!