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History of Computing

History of Computing. The Abacus. May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century B.C. Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulier1.JPG. Napier’s Bones. Invented by John Napier in the 1600s

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History of Computing

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  1. History of Computing

  2. The Abacus • May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century B.C. • Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulier1.JPG

  3. Napier’s Bones • Invented by John Napier in the 1600s • Simplifies multiplication and division • Based on logarithms http://isolatium.uhh.hawaii.edu/m198/w9/bones.gif

  4. Pascal Calculator • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 • Could add and subtract directly • Develeped to reduce the workload of his father who was a tax commissioner http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpg

  5. Jacquard Loom • Mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804 • Controlled by punch cards that describe the design of the textile • Precursor to programming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpg

  6. Babbage’s Difference Engine • Design by Charles Babbage in 1820 or 1821 • Mechanical calculator to print astronomical tables • Next idea is the analytical engine • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak http://history-computer.com/Babbage/Images/analiytical_engine1.jpg

  7. Ada Lovelace • Augusta Ada Byron described on the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.” • Published an analysis of the Analytical Engine. In it she outlines the fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping and memory addressing. http://www.fathom.com/feature/122251/3134_adalovelace_LG.html

  8. KonradZuse • Almost is unanimously accepted as the inventor of the first programmable computer • The Z3 was completed in 1941 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a6HMqsYnxk http://www.konrad-zuse.de/

  9. Atanasoff-Berry Computer • The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first fully electronic computing device. It was successfully tested in 1942. • The ABC used binary arithmetic, electronic switching, and stored programs. • The ABC had been examined by John Mauchly in June 1941 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyxGIbtMS9E http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Progress.html

  10. Colossus • Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943 • The Colossus machines were by British codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II. • An improved Colossus Mark 2 first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpg

  11. The Harvard Mark I • Designed in the 1930s by Howard Aiken. Built in collaboration with IBM • Handled 23-digit numbers and performed all four arithmetic operations http://www.sviokla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/1944_harvard_markI_large2.jpg

  12. Grace Murray Hopper • A pioneer in the field. Worked on the Mark I“It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission” • Developed COBOL U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96919-KN

  13. The First Bug • Discovered a moth stuck in a relay • She remarked that they were “debugging” the system” U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96566-KN

  14. ENIAC • In April 1943, the Army contracted with the Moore School to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). • John Mauchly led the conceptual design while J. Presper Eckert led the hardware engineering on ENIAC. • Programming was initially accomplished with patch cords and switches, and reprogramming took days. U.S. Army Photo" from K. Kempf

  15. Mauchly and Eckert • John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert designed ENIAC, as well as EDVAC, BINAC, and the UNIVAC I the first commercial computer made in the US. • Together they started the first computer company, the Eckert-Mauchley Computer Corporation (EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts. • Mauchley’s visit to Atanasoff to see the ABC led to a lawsuit. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwmconc.html

  16. Women and Programming • Interestingly most of the programming of the early computers were done by women. • Men built the hardware, women did most of the programming • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Jh5SCM75Xg U.S. Army Photo" number 163-12-62.

  17. John Von Neumann • A mathematician who made major contributions to a vast range of fields • Was a key player in the development of the atomic bomb • Credited with developing the stored program concept. • Worked with Mauchley and Eckert on EDVAC http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIF

  18. UNIVAC • The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. • Design work was begun by their company, Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand. • The first UNIVAC was delivered to the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951 Department of the Army, Ballistic Research Laboratories

  19. IBM and the Seven Dwarfs • In 1964, IBM owned 70% of the computing market • There were seven other companies producing a competing product: • Remington Rand • Burroughs • NCR • Control Data Corporation • General Electric • RCA • Honeywell

  20. IBM 700/7000 Series • The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm704.gif

  21. IBM 360 Series • The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe computer system family first announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and sold between 1964 and 1978 • It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific • The chief architect of the S/360 was Gene Amdahl, and the project was managed by Fred Brooks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpg

  22. The Transistor • Vacuum tubes were extremely unreliable, used too much power and produced too much heat • The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by a team led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.html

  23. The Integrated Circuit • Transistors had become commonplace they were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. But there was a limit on how small you could make each transistor. • Jack Kilby in 1958 working at Texas Instruments realized that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon by September 12 he had built a working model • In January of 1959, Robert Noyce working at Fairchild Semiconductor also realized a whole circuit could be made on a single chip. http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/downloadphotos.shtml

  24. Digital Equipment Corporation • Founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1958 • Sold minicomputers. Probably the most famous were the PDP and VAX computers • In 1984 introduced networking to their computers. They were the 5th company to register a .com domain name. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-8.jpg

  25. The Altair • The MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU • The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the microcomputer revolution of the next few years

  26. Microsoft • Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800 • IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC). • For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izrlj2Swsbc http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/leadership/gallery.mspx

  27. Apple • Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne • The Apple I personal computer kit was hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club • The Lisa in 1983 became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI • In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I.jpg

  28. IBM PC • The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981. • Made of off the shelf parts and had an open architecture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpg

  29. Further Resources • Triumph of the Nerds (PBS) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi-g0ievM-4&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKw3KM3MmLo&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrnmMgBBfNI • The Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)

  30. Xerox Star • Introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. It was the first commercial system to incorporate • A bitmapped display • A window-based graphical user interface • Icons • Folders • Mouse • Ethernet networking • File servers, print servers and e-mail. • Not meant to be a stand-alone computer, but to be part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_Xerox_8010%2B40_brochure_front.jpg

  31. Influence of the Star • Was the blueprint for what we call a computer today • Members of the Apple Lisa team saw Star at its introduction at NCC '81 and converted their desktop manager to an icon-based interface modeled on the Star • Microsoft worked with Apple Computer to develop several Desk Accessories and other minor pieces of software that were included with early Macintosh system software • Larry Tesler left Xerox to join Apple in 1980 and joined the Lisa team • Charles Simonyi left to join Microsoft in 1981. He later led the development of Microsoft office.

  32. The Internet • The origins of the Internet reach back to research in the 1960s commissioned by the United States government • Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned • Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpg

  33. The World Wide Web • Arthur C. Clarke predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips” • Tim Berners-Lee developed the system that we refer to as the world wide web. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee.jpg

  34. Cloud Computing • Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid. • Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. • The picture on the right is one of Google's data centers in Oregon, which is the size of a football field and holds thousands of servers. Craig Mitchelldyer/Getty Images

  35. iPod • The iPod is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001 • Still a computer, but looks very different. Focuses on one application instead of being general purpose http://www.flickr.com/photos/84018923@N00/338087372/

  36. iPad • A tablet computer designed and developed by Apple marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as books, periodicals, movies, music, and games, as well as web content • Controlled by a multi-touch display • Uses Wi-Fi or a 3G mobile data connection to connect to the Internet http://www.apple.com/ipad/

  37. Startrek

  38. A Review • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfU___GMMJw&feature=related

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