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Il risarcimento collettivo: panoramica internazionale

Claudio Melchiorre – Responsabile Antenna CNCU a Bruxelles Le attese italiane dell'azione europea. Il risarcimento collettivo: panoramica internazionale. Collective Redress e Class Action. Il risarcimento collettivo al livello internazionale Panoramica in Spagna e Svezia

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Il risarcimento collettivo: panoramica internazionale

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  1. Claudio Melchiorre – Responsabile Antenna CNCU a Bruxelles Le attese italiane dell'azione europea Il risarcimento collettivo: panoramica internazionale

  2. Collective Redress e Class Action • Il risarcimento collettivo al livello internazionale • Panoramica in Spagna e Svezia • Obiettivo a lungo temine

  3. Collective Redress e Class Action • Il risarcimento collettivo è un tema profondamente dibattuto al livello internazionale. • I riferimenti scientifici del 98% degli operatori politici e imprenditoriali in Italia e non solo sono però Erin Brockovic o l'azione legale di John Travolta • Un altro termine è la favola del “non mettere il gatto nella lavatrice” o i milioni di dollari dati da McDonald's per una scottatuta all'interno cosce di una cliente di un Mc Drive

  4. Collective Redress e Class Action • In realtà il sistema statunitense è quello che influenza il dibattito. Il sistema noto è quello della Class Action. Erin Brockovic, insomma. O John Travolta.

  5. Class Action e il sistema USA • Ringraziamo il Dipartimento di Stato Usa e la Commissione Europea perchè le informazioni che seguiranno sono state fornite con documenti ed interviste o relazioni fornite da questi due enti pubblici di rilevanza mondiale.

  6. Class Action e il sistema USA Many consumer issues are dealt with in State fora and based on state law. Issues become appropriate for federal involvement if there is an infringement of federal law or potential involvement of the federal government because of the matter that may affect interstate commerce (see Section 8, clause 4 of U.S. Constitution).

  7. Class Action e il sistema USA • A. Small Claims Court The dollar value limit for small claims court varies from state to state, ranging from USD 2,000 to USD 10,000. Most small claims courts determine their personal jurisdiction based on the defendant’s residence. Thus, claimants are obliged to find a local nexus for the defendant in the location where the claimant wishes to file suit.

  8. Class Action e il sistema USA • Le procure di Stato Se l'Ufficio del procuratore dello Stato ha notizia di un'azienda che provoca danni al mercato può decidere di attivare una causa contro l'azienda che la obblighi a cessare il comportamento lesivo dei diritti dei consumatori e del mercato. L'azienda rischia il pagamento delle spese processuali, ma soprattutto le conseguenti richieste di risarcimento.

  9. Class Action e il sistema USA • Le procure di Stato Lo Stato dell'Arkansas ha recentemente fermato una catena di produzione e installazione di serramenti che proponeva una formula di pagamento ad investimento. L'azienda proponeva il pagamento della fornitura subito. Il 50% andava all'azienda per porte e finestre. Il resto veniva investito. Dopo 24 mesi, se le porte erano funzionanti, l'azienda avrebbe preso la cifra in conto capitale, mentre gli interessi tornavano all'acquirente.

  10. Class Action e il sistema USA • Le procure di Stato Dopo 24-30 mesi dall'avvio delle attività il sistema imprenditoriale si spostava in altro Stato e i clienti non avevano nemmeno l'assistenza. La tecnica non permetteva l'intervento del Governo Federale. Il sistema dei Better Business Bureau non ha funzionato. In Arkansas il procuratore ha fatto subito intervenire il suo vice procuratore ai consumatori.

  11. Class Action e il sistema USA La Class Action interviene dopo questo tipo di interventi o su iniziativa degli studi legali.

  12. Class Action e il sistema USA Pre-Requisites To Make A Class Action Sustainable The U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which serve as the basis for many state civil procedure codes, provides that a class action for is most likely sustainable if: (1) Individual actions risk subjecting the defendant to conflicting court orders, and would be dispositive of or impair the interests of the other members not parties to the individual actions; or (2) the defendant has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class and thus any prospective court-ordered injunctive relief would be suitable for the entire class; or (3) questions of law or fact questions of law or fact common to the class members predominate over individual issues and a class action is the most superior method of adjudication

  13. Class Action e il sistema USA Pre-Requisites To Make A Class Action Sustainable • Consumer credit and sale agreements increasingly contain binding arbitration clauses, whereby the consumer must pursue any dispute with the business in a designated arbitral forum, rather than through the public civil justice system. Because the arbitration service provider specified in the arbitration clause may have a financial stake in maintaining good relations with the business, • critics say that consumers are placed at an unfair disadvantage in arbitrations. Because arbitrator's decisions usually are not made public, people who bring a similar complaint against acompany will not be able to find out how other consumers fared.

  14. Class Action e il sistema USA • many businesses contractually require consumers to settle disputes with the company via arbitration. Other businesses are open to arbitration or mediation as a means of resolving consumer disputes, even if it is not contractually required. • N.B. Anche in questo caso, se i sistemi di risoluzione delle controversie non sono efficaci o parziali a danno dei consumatori è possibile l'intervento del Procuratore dello Stato.

  15. Class Action e il sistema USA • many businesses contractually require consumers to settle disputes with the company via arbitration. Other businesses are open to arbitration or mediation as a means of resolving consumer disputes, even if it is not contractually required. • N.B. Anche in questo caso, se i sistemi di risoluzione delle controversie non sono efficaci o parziali a danno dei consumatori è possibile l'intervento del Procuratore dello Stato. • In linea generale, esiste il dubbio che le società di arbitrato alla fine possano preferire “tenersi il cliente” e sono talvolta accusate o sospettate di parzialità a favore delle imprese.

  16. Class Action e il sistema USA • U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)‏ • The U.S. Federal Trade Commission enforces a variety of federal antitrust and consumerprotection laws. The Commission seeks to ensure that the nation's markets function competitively and free of undue restrictions. The Commission works to enhance the operation of the marketplace by eliminating acts or practices that are unfair or deceptive through the enforcement of federal consumer protection laws • The FTC has the legal authority to file lawsuits and freeze company assets. Although the FTC will not intervene in individual disputes between consumers and businesses, it can proceed against businesses if there is a pattern of legal violations by the business.

  17. Class Action e il sistema USA • U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)‏ • The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) can obtain a court order for consumer redress for violations of the unfair and deceptive practices provisions of the FTC Act and other trade regulation rules promulgated by the Commission.

  18. Class Action e il sistema USA • State Licensing Bureaus and Sectoral Alternative Dispute Resolutions Services Each state may set certain licensing requirements for particular professions. The State Boards and Bureaus that administer these licensing requirements may serve as a starting point for consumer redress in certain sectors of the economy. • In sostanza, gli Stati promuovono forme autorizzative legate alla possibilità di ottenere risarcimenti per mezzo di conciliazioni. Sono quindi gli Stati a promuovere la protezione dei consumatori.

  19. Class Action e il sistema USA • Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 and similar state rules of civil procedure. • Each state, except Mississippi, has its own procedures for class actions in statutes and state court rules. About two-thirds of the states have class action rules modeled on aforementioned Federal Rule 23

  20. Class Action e il sistema USA • Both federal and state class action lawsuits are available to any group of injured parties, including consumers, where: • (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members individually is impracticable (numerosity depends on the specific facts of each case), • (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, • (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class (Typicality ensures the alignment of interests of themclass representative and the class), and • (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class (the class representative must be part of the class and possess the same interest and suffer the same injury as class members).

  21. Class Action e il sistema USA • It can be challenging for the court to determine which plaintiff and plaintiff’s counsel are truly an appropriate class representative who will not subordinate the needs of the class to their own benefit. • Many consumers may not understand the ramifications and processes to opt-out of class membership.

  22. Class Action e il sistema USA • Most actions by consumer organizations are directed against the government. Organizations by themselves have not yet been permitted by courts to seek monetary damages on behalf of their membership, however they have been able to seek injunctive relief if they can allege "specific and perceptible harm." • According to the U.S. Supreme Court, if an organization has "a mere 'interest in a problem, no matter how longstanding the interest and no matter how qualified the organization is in evaluating the problem, is not sufficient to establish standing." • However an organization may be able to show harm by representing members who are injured

  23. Class Action e il sistema USA • In tutti i casi, è bene sottolineare che la ratio del ricorso alla Class Action negli Usa è quella di evitare ordini o soluzioni giudiziali contraddittorie tra le diverse corti e i diversi casi che una determinata fattispecie e o comportamento aziendale potrebbero comportare. • In un Paese di Common Law, il rischio di incoerenza è in effetti molto pericoloso e può effettivamente destabilizzare il sistema.

  24. Class Action e il sistema USA • State court consumer class actions often involve insurance market conduct, product liability, consumer fraud, toxic tort, asbestos, tobacco, and mass torts, all of which are governed by state law. Other consumer class actions filed in state courts allege violations of state consumer protection laws, such as California’s Unfair Business Practices regulation. The Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 permits defendants to remove cases to federal court if plaintiffs ask state courts to decide new class actions across state lines. • Secondo la note al già citato Rule 23 federale, i mass tort non rientrerebbero in senso stretto nei casi trattabili nelle Class Actions perchè dietro questa fattispecie si nasconde la possibilità di risarcimenti individuali che possono prescindere da un trattamento unico in una classe.

  25. Class Action e il sistema USA • One or more named plaintiffs file suit on behalf of a putative class of individuals or business entities that have suffered a common wrong. After the summons and complaint are filed, the plaintiff usually has to bring a motion to have the class certified. Class certification may require additional discovery to prove it ha sufficient commonality.

  26. Class Action e il sistema USA • Upon the motion to certify the class, the defendants may object to whether: • a. the issues are appropriate for class litigation • b. the named plaintiffs are sufficiently representative of the class, and • c. the plaintiff’s relationship with the law firm handling the case. • The court will also examine the law firm’s ability and resources to properly represent the plaintiffs, including sending out complex notices to the places where class members may be found.

  27. Class Action e il sistema USA • There may be several notices: • 1. a notice giving class members the opportunity to opt out of the class • 2. notice of any settlement proposal that the named plaintiffs have agreed to accept, as well as the legal fees to be paid to class counsel as part of the settlement.

  28. Class Action e il sistema USA • The opt-out notice must state, concisely and clearly, in plain, easily understood language: • 1) the nature of the action, • 2) the definition of the class certified, • 3) that a class member may enter an appearance through counsel if the member so desires, • 4) that the court will exclude from the class any member who request exclusion, stating when and how members may elect to be excluded, and the binding effect of a class judgment on class members

  29. Class Action e il sistema USA • Anche qui va sottoloineato che la preoccupazione del legislatore e della Corte di Giustizia è quella di evitare che in un giudizio di Classe ci possano essere troppe eccezioni a partire dal momento della decisione finale sulla Class Action. • E' possible la richiesta di esclusione da parte di chiunque, a patto che eserciti il diritto prima del giudizio. Le Corti fanno molta attenzione a questo punto e nei casi di illeciti di massa nominano un arbitro o un perito del tribunale per valutare e decidere caso per caso come va trattato il singolo caso. • Nel 2003 le class actions hanno portato a risarcimenti per 2,4 miliardi di dollari in un'economia che è circa quindici volte quella italiana, con una media di risarcimento per azione legale di 24 milioni di dollari.

  30. Class Action e il sistema USA • Le Corti di Giustizia e gli Stati tendono a scoraggiare le class actions che non permettono risarcimenti significativi per i ricorrenti. • Certain class actions have not been as efficacious because they benefited the private class attorneys and defendants to the detriment of the class members by providing them inadequate compensation while foreclosing their rights to sue individually. This disparity occurs most when defendants obtain broad releases and class counsel earn significant fees, yet class members are offered a benefit of indeterminate value, such as a certain types of discount coupons.

  31. Class Action e il sistema USA • Improper class action settlements have become a mechanism for companies that may have harmed thousands or millions of individuals to cap their liability and avoid accountability without adequately compensating the victims of their misconduct. Critics also decry “settlement-only” class actions that would and could never be litigated as class actions, but are used to cap the defendant’s liability through the class action device.

  32. Class Action e il sistema USA • Si può quindi dire che il “mostro” class action USA è un mostro poco terrorizzante per vari motivi: • a) il sistema della common law USA in Europa non è importabile nemmeno in Gran Bretagna. • b) Negli Usa la class action è utilizzata come fattore di equilibrio e di limitazione dei costi per le imprese, fermo restando che il sistema economico americano è trust-based e chi viola la fiducia deve essere spazzato via dal mercato. • c) Le class actions non mettono a rischio imprese serie e, purtroppo, sono anche uno strumento per le imprese meno serie per limitare le loro responsabilità.

  33. Collective Redress in Europa • In Europa si parla di Collective Redress e non di class actions perchè il sistema USA non può essere importato. • I timori di una class action americana non esistono perchè in nessun Paese esiste la possibilità di richiedere un danno punitivo per comportamento lesivo degli interessi dei consumatori • Non esiste alcuna possibilità di fare una class action europea, mentre negli Usa è possibile passare dalla Corte di Stato, in presenza di una norma statale, ad una Federale.

  34. Collective Redress in Europa • Numeri: • 150 azioni di risarcimento collettivo promosse nei 12 Paesi con una norma sul risarcimento collettivo operativa. • Di queste, 49 in Spagna, 25 in Austria, 26 in Germania. • La richiesta di risarcimento medio è bassa. • Nel 10% dei casi, si richiede un risarcimento di + 15 Milioni • In tre casi si richiede un risarcimento tra 2 e 5 Milioni • Nei restanti 132 casi l'azione è stata promossa per poche centinaia di migliaia di Euro.

  35. Collective Redress in Europa • Il Caso Spagna • In Spain there are means for collective redress intended to protect a series of individualm interests (multi-party actions for damages) and collective redress to protect collective consumer interests (injunctions). • There is a “Acción colectiva para la defensa de los derechos e intereses de los consumidores y usuarios” (Action in defence of rights and interests of consumers). This action is the first Spanish version of the class action, through which the most relevant cases in consumer law are currently being dealt with.

  36. Collective Redress in Europa • The Ley 1/2000, de 7 de enero, de Enjuiciamiento Civil deals with individual consumer disputes in Civil Courts. Nevertheless, there are other rules affecting consumer individual claims. For example, Section 25 of the Ley 26/1984, de 19 de julio, General para la defensa de los consumidores y usuarios, regulates the consumer’s right to compensation for damages caused by the consumption or use of products. • Section 20.1 of the Ley 26/1984, in connection with Section 11.1 of the Ley 1/2000, states that not only consumers individually, but also Consumer Associations and organised groups, can file a suit.

  37. Collective Redress in Europa • When victims are a group of consumers with individualized or easily individualized members, the Consumers Associations, the legally constituted entities created to consumers’ protection, and the groups of victims will be entitled to introduce this collective action. • - When victims are not individualized or easily individualized, the diffuse interests suit, in the name of consumers, may be brought exclusively by Consumer Associations that are representative according to the law.

  38. Collective Redress in Europa • Nel caso di fattispecie relative a ingiunzioni (per esempio la cessazione di un comportamento illegittimo), ha una sua specifica trattazione e peculiarità. • Si dà maggiore peso alle associazioni dei consumatori • In all cases, the Intituto Nacional de Consumo (National Consumer Institute) and their equivalents in the Regions (Comunidades Autónomas), the Consumers Associations, the public prosecutor and the entities constituted to defend consumers’ interests in European Union countries, will have standing to sue.

  39. Collective Redress in Europa • On 31 March 2006, the Council of Ministers passed a bill in order to improve consumer protection (Proyecto de Ley de mejora de la protección de los consumidores y usuarios). It allows the National Consumer Institute, the regions and the City Councils to ask for an injunction against behaviour prohibited within the Ley 26/1984, de 19 de julio, General para la Defensa de Consumidores y Usuarios. • The “Consumers Associations” represented in the Consumers Council and those authorized by the regions’ statutes. These Associations are allowed to represent both the Association and their members, but they cannot represent the consumers’ general interests. Consumers Associations, constituted according to either the specific state’s legislation or common legislation, are the only institution allowed to represent the consumers’ general interests.

  40. Collective Redress in Europa • Group proceedings can be instituted before a number of selected ordinary district courts designated by the Government. There shall be at least one such designated court in each county (län) (3 § GrL). The Government has decided to designate the district courts that are competent to hear real estate disputes (cf. Government Regulation 2002:81). • Group proceedings do not prevent an individual who does not want to become part of the group from pursuing his or her claim in separate proceedings. There is, however, a risk that the court orders a joinder of the claims or suspends the procedure awaiting the outcome of the group proceedings.

  41. Collective Redress in Europa • WHO CAN INITIATE THE PROCEDURE – RULES OF STANDING • Proceedings can be initiated on behalf of a group of consumers: • (i) by a natural or juridical person who has a legal claim that is subject to the action (private group action) (4 § GrL). A precondition for private group action is that the individual belongs to the group. The law does not grant standing to individuals on other grounds, e.g. Idealist considerations or experience in group proceedings.

  42. Collective Redress in Europa • WHO CAN INITIATE THE PROCEDURE – RULES OF STANDING • Proceedings can be initiated on behalf of a group of consumers: • by consumer and wage-earners associations (organization action) (5 § GrL) in disputes between a tradesman and consumers concerning goods and services offered by the trader. There are no special requirements as to the number of members and time of existence of the organization (such proposals were discussed). So even ad-hoc associations or associations with only a few members should be authorised to bring organizational group action.

  43. Collective Redress in Europa • WHO CAN INITIATE THE PROCEDURE – RULES OF STANDING • Proceedings can be initiated on behalf of a group of consumers: • by a public authority (public group action). The public body authorized to file public group action for consumer redress is the Consumer Ombudsman.The claim has to be based on circumstances common to the members of the groups. The court can reject an application for group proceedings if there is another, better suited form for bringing the action, for instance cumulation of claims, or a pilot case (superiority rule). The broad discretion granted to the court to allow or reject the institution of a group proceeding is intended to prevent possible abuse of the Act.

  44. Collective Redress in Europa • During the three years that the GrL has been in force there have been only five-six proceedings brought before the courts and, according to Lindblom (2005), only one enforceable decision which, however, dismissed the claim on procedural grounds (incompleteness of the application). Almost all the cases concerned consumer-related disputes: travel services (Bo Åberg v. Elefterios Kefalas); financial services (Grupptalan mot Skandia v. Försäkringsbolaget Skandia); a newspaper game (Linus Broberg m. fl. v. Aftonbladet; and electricity supply services (KO v. Kraftkommission). At least four of these proceedings involved claims amounting to millions of Swedish kronas and were typical expression of diffuse interests (high number of low-size individual stakes).

  45. Panoramica • La class action in Europa non esiste. • Si parla di collective redress perchè si tratta di una semplice formula di azione giudiziale collettiva. • Il campo di azione è generalmente limitato ed ogni settore economico aggiuntivo all'cquisto di beni è disciplinato in forma specifica.

  46. Panoramica • Le best practices che al momento sono state individuate al livello comunitario sono sostanzialmente tre: • Spagna • Svezia • Bulgaria

  47. Obiettivo a lungo temine • Il Governo italiano ha dichiarato che vuole ottenere una norma facilmente applicabile non solo per i beni acquistati, ma anche ai servizi pubblici e alla pubblica amministrazione. • Le imprese rifiutano l'idea di una possibilità di risarcimento collettivo e combattono l'idea che ci sia un ristretto numero di associazioni a poter promuovere la causa di risarcimento collettivo.

  48. Obiettivo a lungo temine • Per le associazioni l'opportunità dovrebbe essere anche quella di avere una procedura più veloce, almeno per cause di interesse collettivo che possono essere coinvolti interessi di sistema.

  49. Collective Redress in Europa • Numeri: • 150 azioni di risarcimento collettivo promosse nei 12 Paesi con una norma sul risarcimento collettivo operativa. • Di queste, 49 in Spagna, 25 in Austria, 26 in Germania. • La richiesta di risarcimento medio è bassa. • Nel 10% dei casi, si richiede un risarcimento di + 15 Milioni • In tre casi si richiede un risarcimento tra 2 e 5 Milioni • Nei restanti 132 casi l'azione è stata promossa per poche centinaia di migliaia di Euro.

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