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Agenda

Agenda. Elements of Theory Meta-Theoretic Approaches Extrinsic Research Intrinsic Research Historical Research Participant Observation Research Field and Laboratory Research. Components of Theory. THEORY. Considerations of Theory. Falsification. Considerations of Theory. Falsification

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Agenda

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  1. Agenda • Elements of Theory • Meta-Theoretic Approaches • Extrinsic Research • Intrinsic Research • Historical Research • Participant Observation Research • Field and Laboratory Research

  2. Components of Theory THEORY

  3. Considerations of Theory • Falsification

  4. Considerations of Theory • Falsification • Aesthetic Theories

  5. Components of Theory Abstract Calculus THEORY

  6. Components of Theory Abstract Calculus Theoretic Constructs THEORY

  7. Components of Theory Abstract Calculus Theoretic Constructs THEORY Rules of Correspondence

  8. Agenda • Elements of Theory • Meta-Theoretic Approaches • Extrinsic Research • Intrinsic Research • Historical Research • Participant Observation Research • Field and Laboratory Research

  9. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists • Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable

  10. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists • Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless

  11. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists • Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Atomism: statements also are meaningful if they are composed of simpler statements that describe empirical facts

  12. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists • Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Atomism: statements also are meaningful if they are composed of simpler statements that describe empirical facts Logical Empiricism: metaphysical statements acceptable if they promote understanding empirical statements

  13. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Phenomenologists • Phenomenology: immersion of oneself in the flow of experience

  14. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Constructivists • Constructivism: reality constructed by the individual’s encounter with the world and the individual’s set of personal constructs or expectations

  15. Agenda • Elements of Theory • Meta-Theoretic Approaches • Extrinsic Research • Intrinsic Research • Historical Research • Participant Observation Research • Field and Laboratory Research

  16. Content Analysis • How is content analysis quantitative research and how is it qualitative research? • When is interactional analysis invited instead of relational analysis?

  17. Content Analysis Steps • Define and Limit Communication Population • Select Coding Units • Sample Messages • Code Message Content • Analyze Results • Interpret Results

  18. “Speed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the Alacrity Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers)

  19. Extrinsic Research • Establishing Textual Authenticity • Establishing Authorship

  20. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies

  21. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies

  22. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies • Recorder biases

  23. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies • Recorder biases • Revisions in “memorial editions”

  24. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies • Recorder biases • Revisions in “memorial editions”

  25. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies • Recorder biases • Revisions in “memorial editions” • Editing for Readability

  26. Sources of Textual Corruption • Use of advanced copies • Recorder biases • Revisions in “memorial editions” • Editing for Readability • Permitting Revisions

  27. Determining Textual Authenticity • Comparison with original • Use of recordings • Comparisons of all texts

  28. Detecting Authorship • External reports • Comparisons with other communication

  29. A Quiz • Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad. • Go west, young man. • To the victors belong the spoils. • That government is best which governs least. • There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. • Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it.

  30. A Quiz • Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad.W. C. Fields? • Actually Leo Rosten

  31. A Quiz • Go west, young man.Horace Greeley? • Actually John Basone Soule

  32. A Quiz • To the victors belong the spoils.Andrew Jackson? • Sen. William L. Marcy

  33. A Quiz • That government is best which governs least.Thomas Jefferson? • Henry David Thoreau

  34. A Quiz • There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.Mark Twain? • Twain quoting Benjamin Disraeli

  35. A Quiz • Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it.Mark Twain • Charles Dudley Warner

  36. Intrinsic Criticism • Distinguishing Criticism from Reviews • The Truth Criterion • The Ethical Criterion • The Results Criterion • Artistic Criteria

  37. Difficulties Applying the Truth Criterion • Difficulty determining the truth • Even dreadful messages often tell the truth

  38. Difficulties Applying the Ethical Criterion • Difficulty identifying intentions • Difficulty choosing ethical standards • Ignoring artistic merit

  39. Difficulties Applying the Results Criterion • Difficulty identifying effects • Difficulty linking effects to messages • Immorality endorsed if it gets results

  40. Examples of Artistic Criteria • Neo-Aristotelian criticism • Burke’s Dramatistic Pentad

  41. Historical-Critical Research A Concept of History 1. A Study of the Past Record 2. Documentary Research 3. Critical Research

  42. Importance of Historical Research • All research involves past work • Arguments from history widespread • Past holds key to organize knowledge • Essential to establish continuity

  43. Types of Historical Research • Biographical Studies • Movement Studies • Rhetorical Criticism • Development of Ideas • Case Studies • Bibliographic Research

  44. Participant Observation Methods • The Role of the Observer • The Objectivity Problem • Distinguishing Participant Observation Research and Ethnography • Difficult Steps in Participant Observation Work

  45. Distinguishing Field and Laboratory Research • Field studies occur in the natural environment • Laboratory studies control for many interfering elements in the environment • Distinction is fluid

  46. Advantages and Limitations of Field and Laboratory Research Field Laboratory Power of manipulation + - Realism + - Control usually - + Measurement maybe + Randomization - + Observer Bias - +

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