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Collections IV: Botany

Collections IV: Botany. PLANT TYPES. What is a Plant? . Multicellular eukaryotes : contain a nucleus. cell walls = cellulose  important in manufacturing products, such as paper. Plants include: trees, shrubs and grasses. Most plants are autotrophs :

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Collections IV: Botany

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  1. Collections IV: Botany

  2. PLANT TYPES

  3. What is a Plant? • Multicellular eukaryotes: contain a nucleus. • cell walls = cellulose • important in manufacturing products, such as paper. • Plants include: trees, shrubs and grasses. • Most plants are autotrophs: • capture energy from sunlight  produce its own food.

  4. Plant Cell: differences from animal cell... • cell wall • cell vacuole • chloroplasts

  5. Early Plants • The 1st plants evolved • multicellular blue-green algae • The oldest known fossils of plants, • nearly 450 million years old • similar to today’s mosses.

  6. 4 Major Groups of Plants Mosses and their relatives (15,600 species) Ferns and their relatives (11,000 species) Cone-bearing plants (760 species) Flowering plants (235,000 species)

  7. SEED PLANTS • Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones. • Gymnosperms include: • Conifers • Cycads • Ginkgoes • Gnetophytes • Angiosperms  flowering plants, • bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. • Angiosperms include: • Grasses • Flowering trees and shrubs • Wildflowers

  8. Reproduction Free From Water • Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include: • Flowers or cones • The transfer of sperm by pollination. • The protection of embryos in seeds.

  9. Gymnosperms Cone bearing plants

  10. Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers • The most ancient surviving seed plants. • Gymnosperms include: • Gnetophytes • Cycads • Ginkgoes • Conifers • These plants all reproduce with seeds that are exposed—gymnosperm means “naked seed.”

  11. Gnetophytes • Phylum: Gnetophyta • 3 genera • The reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones. • Ex.) Welwitschia, native to the Namibian desert in southwestern Africa.

  12. Cycads • Phylum: Cycadophyta • 9 genera • Palm-like plants that reproduce with large cones. • 1st appeared during the Triassic Period, 225 million years ago, when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth. • Grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places, such as Mexico, the West Indies and parts of Asia, Africa and Australia.

  13. Ginkgoes • Phylum: Ginkgophyta • Only 1 species, Ginkgo biloba, one of the oldest seed plant species alive today! • Cultivated in China and are now found in urban settings in the United States, where their toughness and resistance to air pollution make them popular shade trees.

  14. Conifers • Phylum: Coniferophyta • The most common gymnosperm, with more than 500 known species. • Ex.) evergreens, pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods and junipers. • Can live for more than 4,000 years! • Found all over the United States.

  15. Two Angiosperm Divisions *(flowering plants): Monocots Dicots

  16. Monocots & Dicots Named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo. A cotyledon is the 1st leaf or the 1st pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.

  17. Angiosperms: Monocots • One cotyledon • Veins usually parallel • vascular bundles complexly arranged • fibrous root system • floral parts  multiples of 3 • grasses, palms, bamboos, lilies, orchids, yuccas • growth can be at base of leaf (cutting grass does not remove growth region)

  18. Monocot Example

  19. Angiosperms: Dicots • Two cotyledons • Leaf veins usually netlike • Vascular bundles usually arranged in ring • Taproot usually present • Floral parts  multiples of 4-5 • Most angiosperms

  20. Dicot Example

  21. Plant Tissues and Cell Types

  22. Three basic tissue types (structural) • Three basic tissue types (structural) • Dermal • Ground tissue: structural support • Vascular Tissue: “tubes” • Xylem: • Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves • Phloem: • Transports sugar, nutrients, and hormones from leaves to the rest of the plant

  23. Tissue Types

  24. Structure and Function STEM, ROOT, & LEAF

  25. Structure of a Shoot (“Stem”) • The vascular tissue in stems conduct water and nutrients. • Xylem and phloem are part of the vascular tissue in stems that conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant. • Nodes: where leaves are attached. • Internode: regions between the nodes. • Buds: found where the leaves attach to the nodes. They contain undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves.

  26. Stem Functions • Produce leaves, branches and flowers. • Hold leaves up to the sunlight. • Transport substances between roots and leaves.

  27. Stem Structure

  28. Types of Stems • Monocot stems: vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. • Dicot stems: vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder.

  29. Function of a Root: • Absorb water and dissolved nutrients. • Anchor plant in the ground, holding soil in place and preventing erosion. • Protect plant from harmful soil bacteria and fungi. • Transport water and nutrients to the rest of the plant. • Hold plant upright against wind and rain.

  30. Types of Roots • Taproot: long, larger primary root (ex. carrot). • Fibrous roots: branching, smaller root (ex. herbaceous plant).

  31. Structure and Function of a Leaf • Optimized for gas exchange • Photosynthesis • Transpiration • Epidermis - • waxy cuticle • stoma / guard cells • open daylight, closed dark, closed under water stress • Mesophyll - • palisade layer - chloroplasts • spongy layer - chloroplasts • vascular bundles - • xylem & phloem • bundle sheath cells

  32. Leaf Structure • Blades: thin, flattened sections of leaf. • Petiole: thin stalk that connects the blade to the stem.

  33. Types of Leaves • Simple leaf: The blade of a simple leaf can be different shapes. • Compound leaf: The blade is divided into many separate leaflets.

  34. PLANT GROWTH

  35. Indeterminate Growth • Plants exhibit a growth pattern called indeterminate growth • These areas are called meristems • Rapidly divides producing undifferentiated cells • Plants do not have a pre-programmed body plan • Plants continue to grow throughout their life

  36. Plant Nutrition • Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen  essential elements. • Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorous are obtained from the soil primary macronutrients. • Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur secondary macronutrients • A complete fertilizer provides all three primary macronutrients and some of the secondary and micronutrients. • 5-10-5  percent by weight (primary macronutrients).

  37. Why is the soil important? • Soil: • weathered, decomposed rock and mineral (geological) fragments • mixed with air and water. • Fertile soil  nutrients in a readily available form for plant growth. • The roots of the plant bring needed minerals into the plant.

  38. Plants use these minerals in: • Structural components in carbohydrates and proteins • Organic molecules used in metabolism • Magnesium in chlorophyll • Phosphorous found in ATP • Enzyme activators like potassium • activates possibly fifty enzymes • Maintaining osmotic balance

  39. PLANT REPRODUCTION SEED STRUCTURE LIFE CYCLES

  40. Seed Structure • Seed: An embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. • Embryo: An organism in its early stage of development. • Seed coat: Surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out.

  41. Pollen • The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure: a pollen grain. • Sperm produced by this gametophyte do not swim through water to fertilize the eggs. • Instead, the pollen grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by • Wind • Insects • Small animals Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

  42. Plant Life Cycle • A plant’s life cycle is the entire sequence of stages in its life. • A plant’s life span is the maximum length of time it lives in its environment. • Under what conditions might a plant not live out its expected life span? • Do predators and disease effect a plant’s life span?

  43. Life Cycle of Plants: Vocabulary • Annual: A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. It will grow, flower, set seed and die. ex.) marigolds, tomatoes, petunias • Perennial: A plant that lives for 3 or more years. It can grow, flower and set seed for many years. ex.) daisies, roses, chrysanthemums • Biennial: A plant that needs 2 growing seasons to complete its life cycle. It grows vegetatively (produces leaves) one season. Then it goes dormant (rests over winter) and in the spring, it will begin to grow and flower, set seed and die. ex.) parsley, carrots, foxglove

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