Professor Michael Bank E-mail: bankmichael1@gmail OFDMA-Manfred

1. One-Way Electric Line(B-Line) Two faces Janus The Israel Museum, Jerusalem One face is better Museum visitor Professor Michael Bank E-mail: bankmichael1@gmail.com www. OFDMA-Manfred.com 1

2. My native language is Russian. Later, I began to speak and teach in Hebrew.When I write in English I am often asked, "What are you going to say?". Toavoid these questions, I will try to explain here what I wanted to say in everysection.. • If energy is transferred in one direction from the source to the load and does not return you do not need two channels.Slides 3 - 7 • You can transmit electrical signal using one wire without ground as a second wire. Slides 8 - 16 • Conventional two-wire or three-phase systems can be converted into a single-wire system (B-Line) without additional losses Slides17 – 23 • Known and used single-wire system SWER. However, the simplification of the SWER system is associated with the losses of generator power. Known resonance one wire systems.But these are unbalance systems. Slides 24 – 31 • The measurements in the test lines, set in JCT, show that the B-Line system works according to the results of the calculations and simulations. The entire current is transmitted on a single wire only. Slides 32 – 35 • The transition from two-wire and three-phase systems to the B-Line system will reduce the cost of electricity supply, reduce harmful effects on the nature and on human and improve the safety of electrical systems Slides 36 – 39 • Expectation, Dreams Hopes Slides 40 - 53

3. “Transmission of electricity requires at least two wires” - this statement has been ingrained in the consciousness of engineers for over 150 years. 1. Introduction This is two-way system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line

4. One Way System Examples Fiber Optic Systems Waveguide

5. Radio Systems Can a one-wire method also be used in any electrical system for transmission of energy or information?

6. Mechanical Telegraph One line mechanical system Energy is transferred in one direction from the source to the load and does not return. If so why do we need two channels?

7. Earlier Attempts • Single-wire electrical energy transmission by Nikola Tesla (1890) [US Patent number 1,119,736) • The Goubau line, a single-wire transmission line at microwave frequencies. (Geog Goubau, "Surface waves and their Application to Transmission Lines," Journal of Applied Physics 21 (1950)) • AFEP experiment based on the Russian patent application (1993 ) by Stanislav and Konstantin Avramenko (PCT/GB93/00960 ). • All these methods all lead to loss of energy and a change in the signal waveform. • One wire systems (such as SWER system) have been used for a long time. In such  systems end of the source and end of the load are connected to ground. It will be shown below that these systems transmit only half of the source energy

8. 2.One-Way Electric Line Model Introduction In this two line system (A-Line), the currents in each wire are in opposite phases. • The source (generator) produces two signals of opposite phases • The current will flow through the load with opposite phases as well.

9. Main Idea: With the inverters, we can get the same potential polarity in both wires RL G Inv Inv B-Line: Wires with the same (equipotential) currents can be combined.

10. Instead of using two or more channels +/- +/- -/+ -/+ Inverter Inverter We can use one channel in electrical system also +/- +/- +/- +/- -/+ -/+

11. B-Line with two delay lines ADS simulation (without ground) ADS simulation After delay In this simulation inverter is a delay line on the half period. 11

12. B-line Simulation with two transformers simulations ADS simulation In this simulation produced exactly the same currents as in the previous simulation where zeroing (grounding) is not used. Here ground is used for zeroing (see next slide and Annex). Note that the current between source and load corresponds to Ohm's law, so no other current can exist.

13. Thegrounding(zeroing) Protective ground Current flowing inside the ground is absorbed by it and cannot travel beyond 10 - 20 m. Rgr = 1 ÷ 10 Ohm Absorption space (10 – 20 m) An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability in order to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a "ground" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)

14. Of course the resistance of grounding (zeroing) makes losses in the overall system. These relative losses  can be determined from the ratio where Rgr is ground resistance R is the total resistance of the electrical line including source impedance, load and wire. Usually correctly made protective grounding has resistance close to 10 Ohms. If it's is not enough can be installed several (n) groundings in parallel on distance at least 10 m between them. Then the total resistance of the ground will be n times smaller

15. Zeroing in simulations Potential zeroing is the main objective grounding in power transmission systems for a considerable distance. As shown above, if grounding is done properly, the current can propagate less than 10 m. However, in many simulation programs, such as ADS, there is only one ground bus. Therefore, it is not possible to separate the transmitting and receiving parts of the system, since they have joint ground. We propose zeroing using a device that does not contain ground, in order to resolve this problem in the cases of simulations. We will call this device Electric Buffer or ElBuf. Its functioning is clear from the figure below. ElBuf The following shows the results of simulations using the ElBuf. The main goal of these simulations is comparing SWER and B-Line systems.

16. Ohmic resistance of the ground The linear resistance of ground is great (50 - 1000 Ohms per meter). Energy cannot be transmitted between two points through the ground. See detailed explanation in Annex

17. 3. The transmission system step by step Normal two-wire system 1 A 1 A ADS simulation 0.1 A 0.1 A Let's move gradually toward a one-wire system

18. 1 A ADS simulation 0.1 A The first step – the midpoints of the transformers are grounded. * 1 A * * * 0.1 A 1 A ADS simulation 0.1 A 1 A The second step - divided transformers. * * * * 0.1 A

19. ADS simulation 1 A 1 A 0.1 A The third step – the polarity of the lower wire is changed * * * * * * 0.1 A ADS simulation 1 A 1 A 0.2 A The final step – the two wires are combined * * * * * Throughout all stages the currents in the source and the load are the same! * * *

20. That is, in many cases the transition from A-Line to B-Line requires no new devices. 1 mA 1 mA 1 mA 1 V A-Line 1 kOhm 1 mA 1 mA 2 mA 1 mA 1 V 1 kOhm B-Line On the problems of using ground in simulation program ADS see appendix.

21. Single Wire Three-Phase System It is possible to convert the B-Line to three phase signal by two filters (phase shifters) and inverter After inverter for phase 3 After two filters 2 Three identical B-Lines 3 1 B-Line 600 1200 1200 600 1200 4 2 3 1 The same circuit, but in reverse sequence converts three phase signal to B-Line 4

22. B-Line distributing system inside of a building As shown in *, B-Line load can be connected without inverter, i.e. between the common conductor and ground. In this case, the load receive half the voltage and double current. That is, the power is not lost. To maintain the required standard voltage, 2 : 1 transformer can be used. In this case there is no loss of energy, as all the current coming from a single line passes through the load. 20 mA 20 mA 1 : 2 ADS simulation 1 V 20 mWt 20 mWt * M. Bank “Single Wire Electric System”, Engineering 2012, November 4. 713 – 722

23. B-Line for DC DC one-pole generator with inverter by capacitors Receiver inverter There are two capacitors which, in turn, charge and discharge. In the transition from charging to discharging the direction of the current changes.

24. Part 5. Another one wire systems In common electrical systems the electrical signal source has two or many (for example three phase) signals with different potential. The same signals received load. All electrical transmission energy systems can divide on balance (symmetrical) and unbalance (non symmetrical) system. In balance systems signals with different potential are transmitting by each wire. In this case the phase difference between signals phases is not depending from distance B-Line is one wire balance system. Compared with the common two-wire system, in B-Line second current after phase rotation is flowing through the first wire. The load also receives a two-phase signal. B-Line does not introduce any additional loss in comparison with the usual two-wire system. In addition, it reduces loses by mutual influence between wires and by radiation Corona Effect. B-Line can work in all frequencies including DC, in all voltages and allows giving three phase signal.

25. In unbalance systems (for example using coaxial cable) signal phase of inner wire is changing, but outside wire (shielding) has constant potential, equals zero us usual. Therefore phase difference in unbalance systems is depending on distance. The phase difference changing leads to reactive power and hence to the signal energy losses. It is known electricity distribution method using only one conductor with the return path through earth (SWER system). In this system one output of source and one input of load are grounding (zeroing). So it is unbalance system, so there are the reactive power problems. In the SWER system input impedance of line less than in common two line system, so the loss due to output impedance of the generator is more

26. In the works of Tesla and in the works of French and Russian scientists have proposed a method of transmission of active electric power by reactive capacitive current using resonant properties of a single line (resonance methods). These methods involve increasing the frequency and the waveform change. There are unbalance systems too. Besides the disadvantages of conventional unbalanced circuits resonant circuits have high-frequency radiation and therefore do not allow a lot of power. HF / LF HF Gen

27. More about SWER The proposed B-Line (single-wire) system is often compared to the SWER system. The standard definition of SWER is:Electricity distribution method using only one conductor with the return path through earth. However the ground in SWER (after the generator and before the load) creates zeroing – of current in the conductor. Between two zero potentials can not be any signal transmitting. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity) :  x

28. SWER for short distance V V + V/2 + V/2 - V/2 V = 0 V = 0 - V/2 As can be seen from the figure the system fully convey the energy source to the load. But this is possible only for short distances much smaller than the wavelength. As can be seen from the following diagram, this unbalance system cannot operate at long distances. Also recall that SWER system input impedance of line less than in common two line system, so the loss due to output impedance of the generator is more

29. Let we have extended SWER line. At the input of the receiving transformer potential difference is asymmetric. Indeed the signal phase at the end of a line will depend upon the distance from the source. A potential of grounding point does not depend on the distance and is always zero. That is, such a line can be represented as a line having both an active and reactive load. It is well-known that reactive power is always present in a circuit where there is a phase difference between voltage and electric current in that circuit such as all our domestic loads are inductive. So, there is a phase difference between voltage and current, and the current lags behind the voltage by certain angle in time domain. Reactive power source additionally loads the source and decreases system efficiency.

30. Consider the 150 km long SWER system. In this system, the resistance of the generator power 50 Ohm and load resistance is 1 kOhm Grounding of receiving transformers made ​​in the form of a shorted delay line by half a period. Thus both grounded points are not connected (See Annex). 150 km 3 mA 1 mA Here it is seen that the current generator which produces more than three times the load current. It is obvious that this ratio increases with the length of the line.

31. In the case of B-Line system load is balanced signal, so there is no reactive energy. This is clearly seen from the simulation scheme similar to the previous one. 1 mA 1 mA In the case of B-Line current of generator substantially equals to the current in the load.

32. 5. Experiments B-Line in JCT (50 Hz) In addition to conducting simulations and experiments, it was decided to make an experimental line between two campuses in JCT. The transmitting part (source) is housed in the Beren building. The first receiver (light bulb 60 W) is located in another building. The second receiver (the same bulb) is located in the same building (Beren), but in a different room. These buildings have different grounding points. The wires between the source and receivers are 300m long.220 V voltage is supplied to the source. The source has one single-wire output for each receiver. The source is not connected to the earth. That is, there is grounded of both lines in the receiving ends only. And in one of the buildings made ​​a separate ground for the B-line.

33. JCT experiment B-Line scheme  200 m House 1  200 m House 2

34. Experiment B-Line in JCT (300 kHz) To demonstrate that the ground is not involved in the transmission of the electrical signal, another experiment was carried out at a frequency of 300 Hz. In this case it is possible to make inverter as a line length of 500 m without any connection with ground. The second problem was connection devises (generator and scope) with ground. For deleting influences of ground we connected generator by using dividing transformer (Fig. 4.). Thus grounded point of generator was separated from scheme.Besides that both inputs of scope (active and ground) were connected with the scheme through large resistances (10 kOhm) which much greater than the internal resistance of the scope (50 Ohm).

35. Another problem was the large inductance of 500 m coils, so we had to stretch wires along the corridors. The signal source was a laboratory generator. In both cases two-wire circuit and B-Line were obtained at a load of 100 ohms the same voltage is 350 mV. After that we removed the delay lines and connected points with star to ground (as in scheme SWER), the output voltage is halved.

36. 6. About power losses, interferences and safety The main advantage of one-wire system is the use of one wire instead of two or four, which leads to a drastic reduction in the cost of the electrical system. Another important advantage is the decrease of losses in the transmission of electrical energy. The calculations and simulations show that the mutual influence of the two relatively closely spaced conductors with currents of opposite polarity, results in an increase in resistance of both wires. This problem does not exist in the one-wire system 36

37. Electric field and corona effect High voltage between wires creates an electric field and corona effect. In addition to the possible harmful effects on the environment, these factors lead to additional losses. Remember that a linear voltage in a three-phase system in the root of three times more voltage of each phase.. One wire Two wires As a result of high voltage, the ionization rate increases, and, consequently, current crown and loss of energy are increasing. This regime is called bipolar corona. This problem is non-existent in the B-Line system

38. Comparative measurements of the effect of electromagnetic fields on humans Electrical antenna 2 m 2 m S A Magnetic antenna S A

39. Possible options for short circuits A-Line B-Line Less wires - less short-circuits - fewer accidents http://pscc.ee.ethz.ch/uploads/tx_ethpublications/s13p02.pdf

40. 7.

41. Tomorrow

42. Experimental B-Line with increasing voltage from 100 V up to 100 kV Tomorrow 0.1 A 0.1 A 0.2 mA 100 kV 0.1 kV 0.1 kV Here increasing resistance of grounding up to 500 ohms is not affected by the amount of load current. This means that is enough to enter into the ground the copper rod 20 - 40 cm length . Such a large resistance of grounding allows to use for zeroing vessel with salt water. Experiments showed that in this case can be used a cooper wire is inserted into vessel filled with 25 liters of water in which 2 kg of dissolved salt.

43. Use of cylinders with salt water allows building the B-Line without grounding at all. This solution is especially useful in cases where it is necessary to temporarily apply energy to the concrete structure. This solution eliminates all of the assumptions about the participation of the ground in the transmission of energy in B-Line system.

44. Today Underground Electric Transmission Cables Requires sufficient spacing between the cables

45. Today High Voltage Electricity in Centre of Jerusalem It is very expensive to build tunnels for underground cables

46. Tomorrow

47. Tomorrow One cable - no tunnels

48. Today Feed line DC generator Stray currents Suction lines

49. Tomorrow One-pole DC generator No stray currents problems

50. Today Tomorrow Today, many countries use a three-pin electrical plug. One can use the two pin electrical plug; one pin will be active and the other will be connected to local protective ground.