DUALITY in Literature

1. DUALITYin Literature Applying terms dealing with duality to Slaughterhouse-Five

2. Character Wrap-up Question • Compare or contrast your character with one of the other two characters presented today: • Write about the ONE KEY difference or similarity, then… • Explain what we as readers can learn from this comparison (state a theme).

3. Duality in Literature • Occurs all the time literature,comparing and contrasting creates focus and adds interest • Using Vonnegut’s very layered novel, we’ll review the most basic types of dualism… • Binaries • Foils • Juxtaposition • Irony • Allusion

4. BinariesA broad term dealing with opposing or similar SETS of: ideas, characters, settings, scenes, objects Binary = An idea or set constituted of two similar parts, sides, or features Binary Opposition = An idea or set constituted of two opposite parts, sides, or features

5. Binary Binary Opposition Binaries, examples • Optometrists & Tralfamadorians • Babies & Adults

6. Foildeals exclusively with characters A character whose behavior and/or values contrast with those of another character in order to highlight the distinctive temperament of that character

7. Foils, examples Billy Pilgrim Roland Weary • Kind • Indifferent • Bloody Crucifix • Virgin • Wants to give up • Survives war • Evil • Spiteful • Bullet-proof Bible • Dirty picture • Wants to fight • Dies in war

8. JuxtapositionUsually deals with tangible objects, images, or specific topics or scenes A form of implied or obvious contrast created by placing two items side by side or close together, to compare/contrast the two, to show similarities or differences, or to highlight the distinctive features

9. Juxtaposition, examples • “Billy Pilgrim nestled like a spoon with a hobo on Christmas night…” (90) • “Billy and his wife, Valencia, nestled like spoons in their big double bed.” (91) “We were Mutt and Jeff in the war.” (5) “Billy reeled away from his vision of Hell… He came to the door of the little hospital by accident. He went through the door, and found himself honeymooning again, going from the bathroom back to bed with his bride in Cape Cod.” (160)

10. SO WHAT? After discovering these examples, what does a wise analyzer of literature do next? • Look for patterns and more specific examples relating to this pattern • i.e. Foils dealing with peace and violence • i.e. Juxtaposition of color • i.e. Binary opposition dealing with comfort and pain • Explore why the author presents us with this duality and what effect it creates • Explain what we as readers can learn from this comparison  THEME?!

11. http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony

12. Dual Layers in Literature But wait, there’s more! • Irony – Duality in language and meaning: saying one thing and meaning another • Allusion– a reference to or representation of something outside of the text, either directly or by implication • (i.e. people, places, events, literary works, religious texts, myths, works of art, pop culture, etc…)

13. Types of Irony • Verbal • implies meaning that is oppositional to the literal meaning • a statement in which its actual meaning differs sharply from the meaning that the words ostensibly express; sarcasm • Situational • accidental events occur that seem oddly appropriate • pickpocket getting his own pocket picked • both victim and audience are simultaneously aware of the situation, not the case in dramatic irony • also referred to as cosmic irony or poetic justice • Dramatic Irony • involves a situation in a narrative in which the reader knows something about present/future circumstances that the character does not know

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17. http://demotivate.me/mediafiles/500/62201062704PM_irony.jpg

18. http://www.blog37.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/12

19. Isn’t it Ironic? With your chapter partner, make an ironic sign… Find a clear example of irony in your chapter Write the quotation (and page number) Depict this Irony  either symbolically or literally Write one sentence to explain the irony Write a one sentence theme… WHY is Vonnegut using irony here? What message is he sending his audience via this irony? Make this look good, then hang it in the room!

20. Let’s Review! Match the examples to the correct terms Be able to explain your reasoning Consider WHY Vonnegut presents the reader with this duality  What’s his MESSAGE?

21. BINARY #1 Billy, curled in his azure nest, found himself staring at Cinderella's silver boots under a throne. And then he remembered that his shoes were ruined, that he needed boots. He hated to get out of his nest, but he forced himself to do it. He crawled to the boots on all fours, sat, tried them on. The boots fit perfectly. Billy Pilgrim was Cinderella, and Cinderella was Billy Pilgrim. (184)

22. BINARY OPPOSITION #2 Billy invited Trout to his eighteenth wedding anniversary which was only two days hence. Now the party was in progress. Trout was in Billy's dining room, gobbling canapés. He was talking with a mouthful of Philadelphia cream cheese and salmon roe to an optometrist's wife. Everybody at the party was associated with optometry in some way, except Trout. And he alone was without glasses. (217)

23. FOIL #3 Little Paul Lazzaro, with a broken arm, snored on one bed. Edgar Derby, the high school teacher who would eventually he shot, snored on another. (173)

24. JUXTAPOSITION #4 He was nestling within thin air and cinders. Somebody had taken his boots. His bare feet were blue and ivory. It was all right, somehow, his being dead. So it goes. (188)

25. IRONY #5 “You needn't worry about bombs, by the way. Dresden is an open city. It is undefended, and contains no war industries or troop concentrations of any importance.” (186) 

26. Allusion • A reference to or representation of something outside of the text, either directly or by implication • (i.e. people, places, events, literary works, religious texts, myths, works of art, pop culture, etc…) • Creates Intertextuality • bringing in outside references into a text & trusting the reader understands the allusion… • the shaping of one text’s meaning by other text’s; they echo ideas found in each other

27. Allusion: Examples Epigraph: • “Away in a Manger” Chapter 1: • Guggenheim Foundation • United World Federalists • Children’s Crusade • War of Independence – Delaware Crossing – George Washington • Words for the Wind – Theodore Roethke • Celine and His Vision – Erika Ostrobsky’s • Bible – Sodom and Gomorrah – Lot’s wife

28. Homework… Re-read chapter 1 & 10 Comb through your assigned chapter for all possible allusions, add your list at the end of your Hyper-DNB

29. One more example… The framed narrative is also technically another form of duality, as it’s a story within a story… So considering this, and your re-reading of the first and last chapter, answer the following question. You may use your books. How does the last chapter complete the frame outlined in the first chapter? Ultimately, how to the two chapters work as a binary set?