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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology. What Do You Already Know?. Age of the earth? What causes earthquakes? Any in NY? What causes volcanic activity? Any in NY?. Physical Geology. Examine earth materials Understand earth processes Surface Subsurface. Historical Geology.

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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology

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  1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Geology

  2. What Do You Already Know? • Age of the earth? • What causes earthquakes? • Any in NY? • What causes volcanic activity? • Any in NY?

  3. Physical Geology • Examine earth materials • Understand earth processes • Surface • Subsurface

  4. Historical Geology • Origin of Earth • Development through time • Fossils • Strata

  5. Environmental Geology • Understand the Earth Systems • Hazards & Resources • Use knowledge to minimize impact and maximize our benefit

  6. Historical Geology

  7. Geologic Thought Through HistoryCatastrophism • James Ussher • Mid 1600’s • Earth formed 4004 BC • Rapid violent episodes • The Earth is “Young”

  8. Geologic Thought Through History Uniformitarianism • James Hutton • Late 1700’s • Published “Theory of the Earth” in 1795 • Better understanding of earth processes • “Present is the Key to the Past” • The Earth is “Old”

  9. Geologic TimeRelative Time & Absolute Time • Relative • Determine age of rocks & fossils by their relative location • Absolute • Radioactivity discovered in 1896 • We can analyze the chemistry and assign a specific age to rock or fossil

  10. Superposition

  11. Fossil Succession • Fossil organisms succeed one another in a specific order (evolution). • Time periods can be recognized by their fossil content

  12. Geologic Time Scale • Eras • Periods • Pre-Cambrian Time • Cambrian Time • Carboniferous Period • Cretaceous Extinction

  13. Universe FormationBig Bang • Supernova ~ 14bya • Slipher & Hubble • Red Shift • Expanding forever?

  14. Solar System FormationNebular Hypothesis • Immanuel Kant ~ 1755 • All elements • Mostly H & He • CCW rotation ~ 5bya • Accretion • ~ 4.6 bya sun turns on

  15. Terrestrial Planets • Smaller • Denser (metallic & rocky) • Closer to the Sun • Why are they smaller & denser?

  16. Jovian Planets • Larger • Less Dense (H2O & CO2) • Further from the sun • Why are they larger & less dense?

  17. Asteroid Belt • Big rocks • Between terrestrial & jovian • Do they hit the Earth? • Why are they there?

  18. Sun • Yellow Dwarf Star (G2) • Mostly H & He • Fusion Bomb • Perihelion • Aphelion • How old is it? • How/when will it die?

  19. Hydrosphere • All Phases of Water • Earth’s surface = 71% ocean • Ocean = 97% of worlds water • Is ocean water potable? • What is happening to sea-level? • Why is it happening?

  20. Atmosphere • Thin Blanket of gases • ~ 10 miles from surface • Formed from volcanic outgassing • Moderates temperature & Protection • Are we changing our atmosphere?

  21. Biosphere • Plants • Animals • All life forms

  22. Geosphere • Lithosphere & everything beneath

  23. The Earth’s Layers • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Mantle (Mesosphere) • Outer Core • Inner Core

  24. Continents and Oceans

  25. Continents • Asia • Europe • Africa • Australia • North & South America • Antarctica

  26. Continents • Mountains • Active or “recently” active portions of crust • Cratons • Comprised of Platforms and Shields • Stable or “inactive” portions of the crust

  27. Oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Arctic • Indian

  28. Oceans • Oceanic ridge system • Prominent topographic feature • Igneous rock • Basalt • Volcanoes

  29. Rocks & Rock Cycle

  30. End of Chapter 1

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