Unit 5 Concepts 4 & 5 Test Re-take

1. Unit 5 Concepts 4 & 5 Test Re-take • May re-take the following • Short response • Extended response • Half of multiple choice questions • Be sure to re-copy original answer and score for all questions • You will not receive credit otherwise

2. Homework #17 • Read – • Emmett Till • Jackie Robinson • Thurgood Marshall • Simple Justice • The Mother of Civil Rights Movement • Eisenhower and Civil Rights • Little Rock

3. US History Unit 5 – Postwar America Concepts 6 & 7

4. Key Learning Students will use competing historical accounts to trace the development of postwar conformity and change in the United States

5. Unit Essential Question How are contemporary issues of conformity and change problems for postwar America? Does this indicate a patter of continuity or change? Why have historians come to conflicting conclusions regarding postwar American values?

6. Unit Concepts 1950s America Beginning of Cold War a. Korean War Communism at Home & Space Race Kennedy and Johnson Years 1960-68 Vietnam War & Counter Culture Civil Rights Movement Nixon, Ford & Carter Years 1968-1980

7. Unit #6 – Beginnings of Civil Rights Movement • Lesson Essential Question – What events began the Civil Rights Movement? • Vocabulary Boycott Lynching Segregation

8. Hero or Star • With a partner, answer the following questions • Is there a difference between a “star” and a “hero”? • What qualities does a “hero” possess? • Who are your heroes? Why?

9. The Beginning of Change • Black servicemen during WWII • Truman - “I am not asking for social equality, because no such things exist, but I am asking for equality for opportunity for all human beings, and, as long as I stay [in the White House], I am going to continue to fight.” • July 1948 – ends federal discrimination • Hiring federal employees • Armed forces

10. Breaking the Color Barrier • April 15 – Jackie Robinson Day • 1946 – Branch Rickey challenged ban on black players in MLB • Selected Jackie Robinson • 1947 – Rookie of the Year

11. Class Work • Jackie Robinson Biography DVD • Answer all questions

12. Changes to Education • 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson – “separate but equal” • 1930s – NAACP challenged in court • 1951 – Oliver Brown sued Topeka, KA Board of Education • Allowed daughter to attend white school • 1954 – unanimous ruling • Banned “separate but equal” in public education

13. Changes to Education • 1955 – SC all local school boards should move to desegregate “with all deliberate speed” • Central High School (Little Rock, Arkansas) • 1957 –Gov. OrvalFaubus declared could not keep order if integration occurred • posted ARK National Guard at school, turned away 9 black students who tried to enter • Eisenhower placed troops under federal control to protect black children

14. Violence shocks the nation • Emmett Till • Born July 1941, Chicago • Summer 1955 – visiting relatives in Mississippi • Visited store with friends to buy candy • Spoke with Carolyn Bryant • Witnesses – Till whistled at Bryant; showed pictures of white girlfriend; said “Bye, baby” to Bryant • Days later – Roy Bryant and JW Milam kidnapped Till • barn, beat him and gouged out one of his eyes, before shooting him through the head and disposing of his body in the Tallahatchie River, weighting it with a 70-pound (32 kg) cotton gin fan tied around his neck with barbed wire • Body discovered three days later

15. Place where Emmett Till body was found Tallahatchie River

16. Body of Emmett Till Mother left casket open for world to see result of attack

17. Defendants at trial J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant – acquitted by all white jury Admitted in magazine interview they committed crime Protected by double jeopardy

18. Grave site

19. Montgomery Bus Boycott • December 1955 – Rosa Parks – secretary of NAACP for 12 years took seat in middle section of a bus White man got on bus at next stop and had no seat • Bus driver ordered Parks to give up seat • Parks refused even with threat of being arrested • Next stop – was arrested and ordered to stand trial for violating segregation laws

20. Rosa Parks Mug Shot

21. Rosa Parks Fingerprinted

22. Bus

23. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Martin Luther King, Jr. – spokesperson for movement • “There comes a time when people get tired...tired of being segregated and humiliated, tired of being kicked about by the brutal feet of oppression. We have no alternative but to protest.” • “During the rush hours the sidewalks were crowded with laborers and domestic workers, many of them well past middle age, trudging patiently to their jobs and home again, sometimes as much as twelve miles. They knew why they walked, and the knowledge was evident in the way they carried themselves. And as I watched them I knew that there is nothing more majestic than the determined courage of individuals willing to suffer and sacrifice for their freedom and dignity.”

24. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Next year – 50,000 walked, biked, car pooled to avoid bus • Buses lost $$$ but would not change policy • Supreme Court – bus segregation was unconstitutional

25. Homework #18 • Read – • The state of Black America in 1960 • Freedom Now • To the Heart of Dixie • Bombingham • Kennedy Finally Acts

26. Checking for Understanding • Which of the events discussed today do you believe had the largest impact on the Civil Rights Movement? Why? Support with details.

27. Unit #5 – Martin Luther King, Jr. • Lesson Essential Question – Who was Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.? What role did he play in the Civil Rights Movement? • Vocabulary Nonviolence Interracial

28. Nonviolence • What does the word nonviolence mean? • Would you be able to use this kind of “strategy” to achieve the results you want? • Explain. • Be prepared to share with class.

29. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born in Atlanta and raised in Baptist family • Father and Grand-Father were ministers • Grew up memorizing biblical passages and watching family members fight for AfrAmer rights • Attended Morehouse College, received divinity degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in PA, earned Ph.D. from Boston University • Preached to first congregation in Montgomery, AL • 30-years old – played role in CRM with bus boycott

30. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Influenced – Mohandas Ghandi • Great Indian leader who won fierce struggle to gain country’s (India) independence from GB (1947) • Preached that nonviolence was the only way to achieve victory against much stronger foes • Those who fought for justice must peacefully refuse to obey unjust laws and remain nonviolent—regardless of violent reaction it might provoke

31. Nonviolence Training • 17 rules • Pray for guidance and commit yourself to complete nonviolence in word and action as you enter the buss...Be loving enough to absorb evil and understanding enough to turn an enemy into a friend...If cursed, do not curse back. If pushed, do not push back. If struck, do not strike back, but evidence love and goodwill at all times....If another person is being molested, do not arise to go to his defense, but pray for the oppressor and use moral and spiritual force to carry on the struggle for justice....Do not be afraid to experiment with new and creative techniques for achieving reconciliation and social change....If you feel you cannot take it, walk for another week or two [rather than ride the bus.]

32. Nonviolence Training • Nonviolent protest = practical strategy to struggle, also represented moral philosophy • King – “To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor. Noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good.” • Told AfrAmer – would be victorious in the end • Also forced whites to confront difficulties AfrAmer faced and persuaded many to support movement

33. Freedom Rides • Boynton vs. VA (1960) – SC expanded an earlier ruling that prohibited segregation on busses traveling across state lines • Result = waiting rooms and dining facilities that served interstate travelers count not be segregated • Civil rights groups tested decision • FREEDOM RIDES • African American and white activists on interstate buses heading south

34. Freedom Rides • Beginning – little trouble • Deep South – ferocious response • Anniston, AL – bus met by mob of white men at terminal; • carried weapons – guns, knives, blackjacks, chains—visible and used to intimidate • Riders – test facilities there and move on • James Farmer – “Before the buss pulled out, however, members of the mob took their sharp instruments and slashed tires. The bus go to the outskirts of Anniston and the tires blew out and the bus ground to a halt. Members of the mob boarded cars and followed the bus, and now with the disabled bus standing there, the members of the mob surrounded it, held the door closed, and a member of the mob threw a firebomb into the bus, breaking a window to do so. Incidentally, there were some local police-men mingling with the mob, fraternizing with them while this was going on.” • Riders – escaped from bus; but were beaten as they made their way out of it

36. Integration of Ole Miss • Sept 1962 – James Meredith – air force veteran was student at Jackson State College, wanted to transfer to Univ. Of Miss. • Denied entrance on racial grounds • Sued and carried case to SC • Miss Gov (Ross Barnett) – different ideas • Declared that Meredith would not be allowed to enroll and even blocked way to admissions office • Did not care what SC said

37. Governor Ross Barnett

38. James Meredith

39. Integration of Ole Miss • Major riot ensued – • Resident tried to drive bulldozer into adm building • Whites destroyed vehicles carrying marshals to campus • 2 men died and hundreds were injured • Pres. JFK – sent in army troops to restore order and guarantee Meredith’s safety

40. Riot at Ole Miss

41. Birmingham, Alabama • 1962 – Fred Shuttlesworth(head of AL Christian Movement for Human Rights in Birmingham, AL) decided city was site for another nonviolent campaign • April 1963- invited MLK • Local business leaders (afraid of losing money) trying to negotiate with Shuttlesworth • Activists faced police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor – determined to crush protest • Reporters – asked MLK how long he would stay • MLK – biblical story – said would remain until “Pharaoh let his people go.” • Connor – “I got plenty of room in the jail.”

42. Birmingham, Alabama • Activists faced police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor – determined to crush protest • Reporters – asked MLK how long he would stay • MLK – biblical story – said would remain until “Pharaoh let his people go.” • Connor – “I got plenty of room in the jail.”

43. Birmingham, Alabama • Activists challenged discriminatory hiring practices and segregated facilities • City officials – protests violated law prohibiting parades without permit and arrested Kin • White clergy criticized campaign as ill-timed threat to law and order

44. Birmingham, Alabama • MLK – Arrested by Birmingham Police • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” – • “For years now I have heard the word “Wait!” It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity....but when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize and even kill your black brothers and sisters with impunity;...when you have to concoct an answer for a five-year-old son who is asking in agonizing pathos: “Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean?”...then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.”

45. Birmingham, Alabama • More than week – MLK posted bail and was released • Decided to allow children to participate to test conscience of Birmingham authorities and nation • Bull Connor arrested more than 900 children • Police turned high-pressure fire hoses on demonstrators • Brought out police dogs that attacked arms and legs of marchers • Protesters fell to ground were beaten by police

46. Activists tear gassed and beaten by police

47. Fire hoses used on protesters

48. Fire hoses used on protesters

49. Fire hoses used on protesters

50. Fire hoses turned on protesters