Objective 4: Structures and Properties of Matter

1. Objective 4: Structures and Properties of Matter

2. IPC 7A – Investigate and identify properties of fluids including density, viscosity and buoyancy.

3. Density Density = mass volume D = M V

4. Math Tip for Density D = M 1 V Cross Multiply

5. Buoyancy • The force that acts on objects immersed in or floating on a liquid Photo from: http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/bathroom/duck.htm

6. Buoyancy • Buoyancy is related to floating • an object in a liquid is buoyed up (pushed up) by a force equal to the weight of the liquid the object displaces (pushes aside). This is known as Archimedes’ Principle. Photo from: http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/bathroom/duck.htm

7. Viscosity • Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow • If a liquid flows slow, it is viscous, or has a high viscosity

8. The Great Salt Lake • The Great Salt Lake is a large inland lake. It is very unusual because it is made up of saltwater. In 1959 a railroad causeway was built across the lake. The causeway, made from rocks and cement, divides the lake into two bays, Gilbert Bay and Gunnison Bay. Although the material in the causeway is tightly packed, the causeway is porous, allowing for the exchange of water between the two bays. Over time, as fresh surface water flows into the Great Salt Lake, the depth of each bay and the composition of the water can vary. More freshwater flows into Gilbert Bay than into Gunnison Bay. Therefore, the water in Gunnison Bay is saltier than the water in Gilbert Bay. When the difference in salt composition is great, some of the saltier water from Gunnison Bay flows into Gilbert Bay through the causeway. Some properties of both bays were measured in 1998 and are shown in the table below.

9. From the data in the table, what would be the mass of a 3.0 L sample of water collected from Gunnison Bay? A 2515 g B 3171 g C 3579 g D 4193 g

10. What is the density at 20°C of 12.0 milliliters of a liquid that has a mass of 4.05 grams? A 0.338 g/mL B 2.96 g/mL C 16.1 g/mL D 48.6 g/mL

12. Powerful Plankton The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has created an experimental marine fuel cell that could produce enough electricity to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break down organic matter, releasing energy; this is an aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper sediments break down organic matter without using oxygen; this is an anaerobic process. These two processes create a difference in voltage between the surface of the sediment and the sediment farther down in the seabed. The voltage difference can be used to produce electricity-up to 5.0 x 10 – 2 watts of power. Energy supplied by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long as there is organic matter in the sediment. What is the mass of a 500.00 mL sample of seawater with a density of 1.025 g/mL? F 487.8 g G 500.0 g H 512.5 g J 625.0 g

14. Which of the following objects will float on water?

15. IPC 7E – Classify samples of matter from everyday life as being elements, compounds, or mixtures.

16. 2 Classes of Matter • Mixtures • Pure Substances

17. Pure Substances • Elements • Compounds

18. MIXTUREmatter that contains 2 or more materials that can be physically separated(ex. cheeseburger & Lucky Charms)

19. 2 TYPES OF MIXTURES • Heterogeneous • Homogeneous

20. Heterogeneous Mixture mixture made up of TWO OR MORE distinct phases with different properties (not uniform throughout) Examples: salad, vegetable soup, concrete

21. contains a liquid in which visible particles settle scatter light can be separated using filter paper Ex: Italian salad dressing SUSPENSION

22. COLLOIDparticles are mixed together, but not dissolved; scatter light; will not separate upon standing; appear cloudy; ex: shaving cream

23. Homogeneous Mixturemixture made up of ONLY 1 phase (uniform throughout)

24. Examples of Homogeneous Mixtures Also: Salt Water, Sugar Water and most clean air

25. Homogeneous Mixtures are also known as SOLUTIONS! !

26. Solutions are made up of two parts • Solute • Solvent

27. SOLUTEthe part of a solution that is dissolved

28. SOLVENTthe part of a solution that does the dissolving

29. Solvent Solute SOLUTION!!! =

30. Solubilityamount of solute that will dissolve in an amount of solvent at a given temperature

31. Saturated Solution contains the maximum amount of solute for an amount of solvent at a given temperature

32. Unsaturated Solutioncontains less solute than a saturated solution

33. Supersaturated Solutioncontains more solute than it should theoretically be able to hold at a certain temp

34. Salt is added to a beaker of water and stirred until it is completely dissolved. The salt in this mixture can be separated by — A chromatography B chemical means only C passing the water through filter paper D allowing the water to evaporate slowly

35. The picture shows a model of the element — A fluorine B helium C beryllium D oxygen

36. The first equation represents photosynthesis. Plants use energy from sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The second equation represents aerobic respiration. Plants and animals release stored energy in a reaction between sugar molecules and oxygen. This reaction produces carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen (O2) is an example of — A an alloy B a molecule C a salt D a mixture

37. An unknown silvery powder has a constant melting point and does not chemically or physically separate into other substances. The unknown substance can be classified as — A an element B a compound C a mixture D an alloy

39. IPC 8A – Distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter such as oxidation, digestion, changes in state, and stages of the rock cycle.

40. Physical Changes More Examples • Cutting • Breaking apart

41. All of these represent a change in state of matter except — A melting an ice block B evaporating alcohol C sublimating dry ice D digesting a sugar cube

43. In the rock cycle, which of these is a chemical change involved with the formation of igneous rocks? F Compression of sediments G Heat loss from lava H Subduction of plates J Formation of minerals

44. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change? F Ice cracking G Sugar dissolving H Milk souring J Lead melting

45. What characteristic of water remains the same no matter what is dissolved in it ? A The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen B The ability to refract light C The hydroxide ion concentration D The freezing temperature

47. Which of these describes a pollution-producing process that involves only a physical change? A Coal with a high sulfur content is burned, producing gases that cause acid rain. B Chlorofluorocarbons are released, changing ozone in the upper atmosphere into oxygen. C Hot wastewater is discharged into a lake, lowering oxygen levels in the water. D Nitrogen oxide emissions combine with water vapor, producing nitric acid.

48. IPC 8C – Investigate and identify the law of conservation of mass.

49. Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can not be created or destroyed

50. Using the Law of Conservation of mass 2H2 + O2 2H2O H2O(s)  H2O(l) C + O2  CO2 100 grams 50 grams ? 150 grams 32 grams 32 grams 20 grams ? 60 grams 40 grams