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Understanding Cardiovascular Health

Learn about the cardiovascular system, risk factors for heart disease, major forms of cardiovascular disease, and ways to protect yourself against cardiovascular disease.

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Understanding Cardiovascular Health

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  1. Chapter Fifteen Cardiovascular Health

  2. The Cardiovascular System • Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States • Heart attacks and strokes are the most common life-threatening types of heart diseases • Much of these incidences are due to lifestyle concerns

  3. Characteristics of the Heart • 4 chambered pump (atria, ventricles) • Size of a fist • Weighs about 1 pound • Function - creates pressure to circulate blood throughout the body • Blood enters via the Vena Cava into the right atrium (see Figure 15-2 on blood circulation)

  4. Heart Beat Stimulation • Signal sends impulses from the heart • SA node (pacemaker of the heart) creates an electrical impulse • An electrical impulse spreads from the right side to the left (ECG) • The pace of the heart is regulated by the brain

  5. Tobacco Smoking Physical inactivity High cholesterol (Figure 15-2) Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Obesity and Overweight Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed (AHA) Reference: American Heart Association

  6. Contributing Risk Factors for Heart Disease That Can Be Changed • High Triglyceride Levels • Stress • Chronic hostility and Anger • Type D Personalities • Depression/Anxiety • Social Isolation • Low socioeconomic status

  7. Major Risk Factors That Cannot Be Changed • Heredity • Aging • Being Male • Ethnicity

  8. Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Homocysteine Infectious agents Lipoprotein (A) LDL Particle size Fibrinogen Blood viscosity and Iron Uric acid Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied

  9. Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease • CAD (coronary artery disease) • Atherosclerosis: build up of plaque on the arteries • Hypertension • Stroke • Congestive heart failure

  10. Hypertension • Blood pressure exceeds a systolic (pressure at contraction) over 140 mm/hg and/or a diastolic (pressure between contraction) over 90 mm/hg • Symptoms – the “silent killer” (no symptoms) • Diagnosis – regular checks of resting blood pressure (average blood pressure < 120/80) • Treatment – medication, exercise, dietary changes) • A cause of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney disease

  11. Atherosclerosis • Atheroschlerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) • Arteries become narrow due to plaque buildup • This process deprives blood and vital oxygen to specific organs, such as the heart, brain, etc. • Results in the following: • Coronary Heart Disease • Stroke • Peripheral Arterial Disease *Atherosclerosis often begins during childhood

  12. Heart Attack • Damage to vessels of the coronary artery • Principal cause – atherosclerosis (narrowing of artery) • Myocardial infarction: heart attack • Caused by a coronary thrombosis • When the need for oxygen exceeds the supply, the result is chest pain called angina pectoris

  13. Recognizing and Treating a Heart Attack • Symptoms – shortness of breath, long-term chest pain (angina), numbness in the left side of face and arm • Diagnosis – ECG, angiogram, MRI • Surgical Treatment – bypass, angioplasty, heart transplant • Non-surgical Treatment- platelet inhibitors, aspirin, alcohol Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is considered an emergency response for heart attack emergencies

  14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) • Blood supply to the brain is cut off • Types –ischemic strokes (blockage), hemorrhagic strokes (ruptures) • Diagnosis – CT scan, MRI • Treatment – clot dissolving drug therapy (TPAs)

  15. Congestive Heart Failure • Swollen heart due to the lack of strength known as Pulmonary edema • Causes – various causes from other illnesses to damaging heart to existing injury to the heart • Treatment – drugs, modified lifestyle

  16. Other Forms of Heart Disease • Congenital Heart Disease • Peripheral Artery Disease • Rheumatic Heart Disease • Heart Valve Disorders

  17. Eat Heart-Healthy Decrease Fat and Cholesterol Intake Increase Fiber Intake Moderate the amount of alcohol consumption Decrease Sodium and increase Potassium Intake Exercise Regularly DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Avoid Tobacco Know and manage your Blood Pressure Know and manage your Cholesterol levels Develop ways to handle stress and anger Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease

  18. Chapter Fifteen Cardiovascular Health

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