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W1/4/12; M 1/3/11; T 1/5/10; F 1/9/09

W1/4/12; M 1/3/11; T 1/5/10; F 1/9/09. New South & Labor Unrest (Ch. 18.2 to 18.4; pp. 515-531). I. The New South. Henry Grady ( Atlanta Constitution ) industrialization & modernization in S. keep up w/ N. heavy industry limited – Birmingham (Pittsburgh of S.)

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W1/4/12; M 1/3/11; T 1/5/10; F 1/9/09

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  1. W1/4/12; M 1/3/11; T 1/5/10; F 1/9/09 New South & Labor Unrest (Ch. 18.2 to 18.4; pp. 515-531)

  2. I. The New South • Henry Grady (Atlanta Constitution) • industrialization & modernization in S. • keep up w/ N. • heavy industry limited – Birmingham (Pittsburgh of S.) • new mill towns – more rural, mostly white workers, some black workers • limited growth • lack of capital • “Lost Cause”

  3. II. Working Class • skilled & unskilled • immigrant & natives • economic competition • immigrants: mostly unskilled • S&E Eur. – Italian (Catholic), Russian/Polish (Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic) • insular – ethnic neighborhoods

  4. III. Unions A. Skilled Workers • American Federation of Labor • Samuel Gompers – cigar maker • craft workers • “bread & butter” issues – practical • more successful

  5. III. Unions (cont.) B. Unskilled Workers • many troubles – diverse interests; easily replaced • influenced by socialism (later Marxism – Das Kapital, 1872) • idealistic • anti-laissez-faire • “yellow dog” contracts • used to hurt unions

  6. III. Unions (cont.) B. Unskilled Workers (cont.) 1. National Labor Union – 1866 • William Sylvis • weakened after his death 2. Knights of Labor – 1869 • Uriah Stephens, Terrence Powderley • hurt by Panic of 1873 3. Int’l Workers of World • 1890s/1900s • (IWW, “Wobblies”) • socialist

  7. IV. Labor Unrest • 100s of strikes • government role? • effectiveness? A. Railroad Strike – 1877 • “wildcat” strike • begins in Baltimore – spreads to NE & MW cities • about 100 killed at strikes • scared m-c – socialism?

  8. IV. Labor Unrest (cont.) B. Haymarket Square – Chi. – 1886 • not a strike – rally to protest 4 strikers’ death • bomb thrown – 7 police killed or wounded • police shoot – 4 protesters killed • unions tainted – radicals • m-c & gov’t: crack down on unions

  9. IV. Labor Unrest (cont.) C. Homestead – Pittsburgh – 1892 • Pinkerton detectives – management • fight b/w Pinkerton & strikers • 7 workers & 3 detectives killed • PA Gov. sends troops (about 8,000)

  10. IV. Labor Unrest (cont.) D. Pullman – Chi. – 1894 • Pullman Co. – RR cars • factory towns • lower wages, same rent – strike • mail delivery refused (on Pullman cars) • fed gov’t sends troops – interstate commerce • Pres. Cleveland involved (esp. A.G.)

  11. Closing Questions • Q: Gov’t response? • (tends to side w/ management despite laissez-faire) • Q: Why? • (worried about radicals & socialism) • Q: effectiveness? • (most effective when focused on small group and specific issues – wages, hours, conditions – and not easily replaced by strike breakers or “scabs”)

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