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Course Business

Course Business. Exam schedule confirmed: Midterm 1: Feb 6 – 9 Midterm 2: March 5 – 8 Final Exam: April 21 - 23. Course Business. Extra Credit available through Psych Subject Pool (and occasionally other experiments) Up to 2 extra points (i.e. two experiments)

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Course Business

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  1. Course Business • Exam schedule confirmed: • Midterm 1: Feb 6 – 9 • Midterm 2: March 5 – 8 • Final Exam: April 21 - 23

  2. Course Business • Extra Credit available through Psych Subject Pool (and occasionally other experiments) • Up to 2 extra points (i.e. two experiments) • Some experiments are exclusive to a particular group but there are opportunities for everybody • Stay tuned for email announcements

  3. Class Web Site • Is not on Moodle / WebCT / Blackboard !! • Is actually at: • http://classes.uleth.ca/201201/psyc2320a/

  4. To get you thinking… • A bit of philosophy, a bit of biology

  5. First, some philosophy • I see, I hear, I feel… • Who is I - Do you mean my brain sees, hears, and feels or do you mean something else?

  6. First, some philosophy • Brains and Minds - Are they the same thing? • If not, what is the difference?What is a good analogy?

  7. Philosophy of Mind • Monism -

  8. Philosophy of Mind • Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things

  9. Philosophy of Mind • Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things • Dualism -

  10. Philosophy of Mind • Monism - mind and brain (body and soul) are not different things • Dualism - mind and brain are fundamentally different

  11. Philosophy of Mind • What might constitute evidence for or against either of these two alternatives?

  12. What are Brains Made Of? About one trillion neurons (1,000,000,000,000) Many more other cells called “glial cells”

  13. Neurons Have Three Parts (Usually)

  14. Neurons Relay Signals From Other Neurons to Other Neurons

  15. Neurons are Cells with Electrically Charged Membranes channels membrane

  16. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals Axon - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - at rest, charges balance each other

  17. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - when stimulated, membrane briefly lets charges switch sides

  18. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - “depolarization” opens channels nearby that allow more charges to switch

  19. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.

  20. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.

  21. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.

  22. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - Chain-reaction, called an action potential, propagates along the axon.

  23. Neurons Carry Information as Electrochemical Signals Action potential can travel very fast - on the order of 100 meters per second (360 km/hr !)

  24. Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses

  25. Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses Neurotransmitter molecules carry signal across synapse What does this have to do with cognition ?

  26. Signals Jump from Neuron to Neuron Across Synapses Neurotransmitter molecules carry signal across synapse The synapse is the site of action of the vast majority of psychoactive drugs!

  27. Neurons are linked Together to Form “Pathways” Visual Cortex eye Optic Nerve

  28. Neurons are Linked Together to Form “Pathways” Different regions are specialized for different functions What does this have to do with Perception?

  29. Neurons are Linked Together to Form “Pathways” Different regions are specialized for different functions Regions are reciprocally connected

  30. Philosophy of Mind The Hard Problem - How does the movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane generate an experience?

  31. Sensation • What is sensation?

  32. Sensation • What is sensation? • Sensation is acquiring information about the outside world.

  33. Perception • What is perception?

  34. Perception • What is perception? • Perception is interpreting sensory information about the outside world.

  35. The Senses • Name the “senses”

  36. The Senses • Vision • Hearing • Taste • Smell • Touch “Conscious Senses” • Temperature • Balance • Body Position “Subconscious Senses (sometimes)”

  37. The Senses • All of these senses are really just systems that extract information about how you and the rest of the universe are interacting

  38. The Senses • All of these senses are really just systems that extract information about how you and the rest of the universe are interacting What IS sensory information?

  39. Information is Contained in the Energy Around You • Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air

  40. Information is Contained in the Energy Around You • Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air • Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation

  41. Information is Contained in the Energy Around You • Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air • Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation • Taste and smell are the perceptions of chemicals

  42. Information is Contained in the Energy Around You • Hearing is the perception of vibrations in the air • Vision is the perception of electromagnetic radiation • Taste and smell are the perceptions of chemicals • Touch is the perception of force on your skin

  43. Sensation Starts with “Receptors” • Receptors transduce incoming signals into neural signals to be sent along axons to the brain • transduction - converting one type of energy into another type of energy (e.g. mechanical sound energy into electrochemical neural signals)

  44. What about ESP? • What is “extra-sensory perception” • Given the above definitions of sensation and perception, can ESP actually happen? • Hint: no…but why not?

  45. Next Time: Hearing

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