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Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life. Organic Chemistry. Organic Compounds. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO 2 and a few others). Organic Compounds. Make up most of living organisms Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements.

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Unit #1 Biochemistry The Chemistry of Life

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  1. Unit #1BiochemistryThe Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry

  2. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others).

  3. Organic Compounds • Make up most of living organisms • Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements 4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds

  4. Carbon can form various bonds

  5. Organic Compounds • Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings • Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers)

  6. Ring structured

  7. Functional Groups • Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds. • These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups. • Elements include: H, O, S, N & P

  8. Functional Groups Hydroxyl group • -OH • Found in alcohols • E.g. Ethanol • Polar

  9. Functional Groups Carboxyl group • -COOH • Found in acids • Polar E.g. Vinegar - acetic acid CH3COOH

  10. Functional Groups Amino group • -NH2 • Found in bases • E.g. Ammonia

  11. Functional Groups Sulfhydryl group • -SH • Oftenreferred to as athiol group • Found in Rubber • - Thiols smell like garlic and are often added to natural gas to provide a detectable smell.

  12. Functional Groups Phosphate group • -PO4 • Found in ATP

  13. Functional Groups Carbonyl group • If this group is at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde • If it is found in the middle, it is called a ketone

  14. Functional Groups Carbonyl group #1 The Aldehydes • -COH • E.g. Formaldehyde

  15. Functional Groups Carbonyl group #2 The Ketones • -CO- • E.g. acetone

  16. Functional Groups TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE • What functional groups are in this molecule?

  17. Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups

  18. Test Your Knowledge… • Name the functional groups Carbonyl group (Ketone) Amino group Carboxyl group Sulfhydryl group

  19. Organic Compounds The 4 main types of organic macromolecules:

  20. Making & Breaking Organic CompoundsAnabolic Reactions Condensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction) • The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O). • Energy absorbed

  21. Making & Breaking Organic CompoundsCatabolic Reactions Hydrolysis Reactions • A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. • A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another • Energy released

  22. Enzymes • Enzymes are biological catalysts. • They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction. • They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.

  23. Enzyme Action Example:

  24. Isomers • Isomers are molecules that have the same formula, but a different physical structure. • Glucose (C6H12O6) and galactose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) are examples of isomers.

  25. Isomers • Because of their differing arrangement of the atoms, they have different physical and chemical properties. • E.g. Carvone is a flavour compound that. There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway.

  26. End Part I Get ready for Carbohydrates!

  27. Carbohydrates • Main energy source for living things • Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities • Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches

  28. Carbohydrates • The most common organic material on Earth. • The general formula is C : H : O • Count the # of each atom • in the molecule shown here: • In a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1

  29. What are the functional groups on carbohydrates?

  30. What are the functional groups on carbohydrates? Their functional groups include: Carbonyl group (an aldehyde or ketone) Hydroxyl groups

  31. Carbohydrates • There are 3 major classes: • Monosaccharide, • Oligosaccharide and • Polysaccharide • Saccharide (means “Sugar” in Greek) • The names of carbohydrates end in “ose”.

  32. Carbohydrates • Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides • Monosaccharides with 5 or more carbons are linear in the dry state but form rings when dissolved in water.

  33. Monomer of Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • It is the main source of energy in the body • Eg. glucose – most common galactose – milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar

  34. Carbohydrates • Oligosaccharides are sugars containing 2 or 3 simple sugars attached to one another by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages. • Recognize the dehydration reaction?

  35. Examples of Disaccharides

  36. Examples of Disaccharides • Sucrose = glucose + fructose Table sugar • Maltose = glucose + glucose Sugar in beer • Lactose = glucose + galactose Sugar in milk

  37. Carbohydrates • Large molecules of many monosaccharide are called polysaccharides • Also known as complex carbohydrates. Examples: • glycogen – animals use it to store excess sugar • starch – plants use to it store excess sugar • cellulose – fibers that give plants their rigidity & strength • Chitin – exoskeleton & fungi

  38. Polysaccharide: many sugars Some polysaccharides are straight, others are branched.

  39. Starch • A storage molecule for plants. • It is made of 2 polysaccharides: • Amylose • Amylopectin The chains form tight coils which make them insoluble in water.

  40. Cellulose Cellulose molecules are not coiled or branched. The chains form cross-linkages between each other. The fibers intertwine to form microfibrils. Used to build cell walls.

  41. Chitin • Exoskeleton of insects & crabs • The cell wall of fungi • Chitin has uses in medicine: • Contact lenses • Biodegradable suture thread

  42. Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? cellulose chitin glucose glycogen sucrose starch

  43. Which is a monosaccharide?A disaccharide? A polysaccharide? Cellulose P Chitin P Glucose M Glycogen P Sucrose D Starch P

  44. End Part II Get ready for Lipids! LIPIDS

  45. Lipids: • Store energy • Build cell membranes (& other cell parts) • Act as chemical signals

  46. Lipids: Fall into 4 families of fats: • Fats • Phospholipids • Steroids • Waxes

  47. Lipids: • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Have fewer polar –OH bonds & • More non-polar H-C bonds than carbohydrates. • Therefore, they are non-polar • They are NOT soluble in water but they are soluble in other non-polar substances.

  48. Lipids: • Fats store more energy than carbohydrates or proteins. • 1g fat = 38 kJ (9 Kilocalories) • 1g carb = 17 kJ (4 Kilocalories) • Calories are non-SI units of energy • 1 cal = 4.18 kJ of energy

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