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XML used for Healthcare Messaging and Electronic Health Record Communication

XML used for Healthcare Messaging and Electronic Health Record Communication. David Markwell - Clinical Information Consultancy Andrew Hinchley - Communication Planning Ltd. Three intertwined projects. CEN TC251 Healthcare Informatics Standards ENV13606 - Prestandard for EHCR Communication

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XML used for Healthcare Messaging and Electronic Health Record Communication

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  1. XML used for Healthcare Messaging and Electronic Health Record Communication David Markwell-Clinical Information Consultancy Andrew Hinchley-Communication Planning Ltd

  2. Three intertwined projects • CEN TC251 Healthcare Informatics Standards • ENV13606 - Prestandard for EHCR Communication • Part 4 - Messages for exchange of information • XML-EDI Project - using XML for EDI • EU Information Society Initiative for Standardisation (ISIS) • XMLEPR Project - validation of the message • UK National Health Service andRoyal College of General Practitioners

  3. Three parallel objectives • A standard message for health record transfer • Investigate XML as a syntax for EDI • Propose good practice guidelines for XML/EDI • Identify benefits & issues raised by XML/EDI • Validation of a draft of ENV13606 • Confirm it meets UK NHS needs for GP to GP transfer of patient records • Propose revisions where needed to meet needs • Identify needs for implementation guidelines

  4. Background to healthcare record messages in the XML/EDI project

  5. Background EHCR Communication Prestandards • Part 1 - Extended Architecture • A Standardised view of EHCR information • Part 2 -Term List • High-level categories & annotations • Part 3 - Distribution Rules • A Standard way to express access rules • Part 4 - Messages • Standard messages for EHCR communication

  6. CEN TC251 Message Development Method Scope Specification Content Dependent User requirements Scenarios Communication roles & services Domain Information Model Syntax General Message Description Implementable Message Specification Hierarchical GMD

  7. plain text structured coded quantifiable observation medication physical entity reference record component data item external data reference event person identifier person name language address telecom patient related party related location community defined Proposed EHCRmessage data items a type of

  8. folder EHCR message EHCR extract composition original component complex headed section cluster record component link item data item EHCR message structure 1 specialised as 1 contains 1..* 1..* specialised as

  9. Present healthcare data structures Allow use of a variety of coding schemes ENV13606 Part 2 Term List provides a minimum set of heading context terms Improved communication requires Standard terms, qualifiers and classifications Mapping between terms and classifications An interesting development Merger between the UK NHS Clinical Terms (Read Codes) and SNOMED-RT Coding, terminology & semantics

  10. Is XML extended HTML? BackgroundHTML & XML -- Chalk & Cheese • Is cheese extended chalk? • Both are edible solids • Both contain calcium • Both based on SGML • Both contain tags • But • Chalk is good for display • Cheese is nourishing • But • HTML is a layout mark-up format • XML represents data • HTML uses fixed tags • XML enables tags to be purpose-defined • Chalk is hard • Cheese soft or resilient

  11. Mapping from UML models of messages to XML

  12. Mapping message models for implementation • Mapping to EDIFACT • Difficult manual process • Conformance to models unverifiable • Mapping to XML • Automatable process • Preserves structure of model • Verifiable conformance • Easier profiling • Opportunity for ISO led convergence with HL7

  13. Mapping - General Points • Message Development Methods lead to syntax independent models • Limits of automation • Extra information needed in models to support maps • UML may not be rich enough! • Retain links back to the model

  14. Mapping messages or models • XML to represent UML models • generalised DTD possible • content represents classes & relationships • XML to represent information storage • Freer use of XML cross-references (e.g. ID & IDREF) • Messaging environment • some relationships by nested containment • others refer to instance Ids not in message

  15. Mapping classes • Concrete classes • Mapped to XML-Elements • Abstract (generalised) classes • Represented as XML-Entities • Add to the content model • In XML-Elements for classes specialised from them • Create a choice structure for specialisations • In XML-Elements that include the generalisation

  16. Mapping attributes • Most attributes mapped to an appropriate XML-Element • Attributes mapped to XML-Attributes include • Metadata such as: • Coding scheme identifier for a code value • The language of the content (xml:lang) • Status or typing data that affects processing • Possibly for unique IDs ("ID" & "IDREF”) • Enumerated data types (pragmatic reasons)

  17. Mapping common classes • Common Class XML-Element • Example: • “PersonName" in "PatientMatchingInfo” OR • XML-Element specific to each attribute with derived content • Example: • "AlternativeName" in "PatientMatchingInfo”

  18. Mapping toDTDs or XML Schema • Mapping to DTDs now because they are: • Stable • Well supported by software • Schema proposals offer major advantages • More flexible constraints • Data Typing • Archetypes • Extensibility • Mapping to Schemas next logical step

  19. XML/EDI in use to validate the healthcare record message for UK GP to GP communication

  20. Background to XMLEPRUK NHS GP computing • The situation • 95% of UK GPs have computers • 50% use these computers for clinical patient records • GP computer systems in the UK • Three major suppliers of GP systems • Twelve widely used systems or versions • Different record structures • None transfer records when patients move

  21. Clinical validation • What is clinical validation of a message? • Suppliers of diverse systems map real record from their systems into the message structure • Clinical professionals review original records and the messages generated • Look for inconsistencies, missing or added info. • Determine whether the representations are “safe” • XML used for validation because it offered • Direct mapping from message models • Freely available viewers and software libraries

  22. Comment and resolution EHCR information Specifications and rules The validation process Compare & Observe Comment Clinicians Viewer GP system PT29 Provide EHCR Message Mapping Experts Export Layout Provide EHCR DTD Instance of XML message/document

  23. XMLEPR projectValidation of GP to GP communication • Supplier results • Four leading GP system suppliers populated the messages with information from their systems • Found XML learning-curve/implementation easier than EDIFACT • Viewers used for clinical validation • IE5 • XML-Notepad • Specialised viewer developed in the project

  24. Results of validation • The Provide EHCR message is substantially able to convey the information present in a majority of existing GP Electronic Patient Records (in the UK) • Some weaknesses in the draft message proposal • Reported as formal comments to the Project Team responsible for the draft prestandard • All these comments were accepted and resulted either in changes to the message or clarifications in the documentation • Further validation, piloting and implementation recommended to the UK NHS

  25. Other results and progress • EHCR Communication Prestandards • Accepted by ballot on 29 June 1999 • Comments from use will be monitored for the next revision in 2-3 years time • ISIS XML/EDI project continues to end of year • Further recommendations and demonstrations expected • ISO TC215 Health Informatics • May draft guidelines for use of XML in messaging

  26. References • Material about the message and links to other sites • http://www.clinical-info.co.uk • CEN TC251 Standards including ENV13606 • http://www.centc251.org • XMLEPR project • http://www.CommunicationsPlanning.co.uk/infopages • Other XML/EDI information • http://www.tieke.fi/isis-xmledi

  27. Healthcare uses of XML

  28. User Interface User Interface Enter View View Enter Application Application Write Read Read Write Data store Data store EDI Interface EDI Interface Messages in XML Messages in XML

  29. User Interface User Interface Browser Enter View View Enter API Application Application XML document Write Read Read Write Data store XML publisher Data store

  30. User Interface Browser View Enter API XML document Application XML publisher Extract Read Write Extract Extract Data store Data store Data store

  31. User Interface Browser View Enter API XML document Application Browsable reference material on web sites Read Write Data store

  32. User Interface User Interface Browser Enter View View Enter API Application Application XML Write Read Read Write Data store Data store XML archiver XML archive reader Archive XML XML

  33. User Interface User Interface Browser Enter View View Enter API Application Application XML document Write Read Read Write Data store as XML documents Data store

  34. User Interface User Interface Enter View View Enter Application Application Write Read Read Write Data store as XML documents

  35. References • Material about the message and links to other sites • http://www.clinical-info.co.uk • CEN TC251 Standards including ENV13606 • http://www.centc251.org • XMLEPR project • http://www.CommunicationsPlanning.co.uk/infopages • Other XML/EDI information • http://www.tieke.fi/isis-xmledi

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