Chapter 12: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity III – the institutional level

1. Chapter 12: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity III – the institutional level

2. Homework In a 300-word essay, use your knowledge of the institutional level of Figueroa’s framework analyse the following statement. SJC is a basketball school. SJC markets itself on the success and popularity of basketball. How has this impacted on your participation rate in basketball and/or other sports?

3. Figueroa’s third framework – the institutional level The institutional level is the third level of Figueroa’s framework and refers to institutions as organisations that establish structures, mechanisms and rules of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals. For example, the IOC and ACB set rules and regulations that are followed and filtered down to the club level and ultimately to the individual.

4. Figueroa’s third framework – the institutional level (cont.) • Such institutions guide people in certain directions by stated and unstated rules and regulations that will ultimately affect their access to participation. • Institutions exist in various forms or governing bodies that include the family, school, clubs, sport authorities, religious groups and political organisations.

5. Figure 12.1 Hasem El Masri pg 355

6. Guest speaker – Ghazi or Morlee??

7. 1. Institution of the family – Pg 356 • Families are the foundation institutions in society that have rules and expectations that affect access to various sports and physical activity for those members within the family. • All family members follow rules and procedures that provide order and structure and unwritten rules and procedures that are followed and the consequences that can impact on life choices.

8. Institution of the family (cont.) The rules and unwritten rules of the family can provide other individuals of the family with support and opportunities for sport and physical activity or alternatively serve as a barrier. The head/s of the family can greatly influence access and type of sport and physical activity that individual family members will be exposed to. This in turn can lead to the love or resentment of the sport/physical activity with the family member either embracing or disassociating themselves from the activity.

9. Institution of the family (cont.) Participation is brought about by an expectation that the individual will participate in a specific sport or activity because it is an unwritten rule for that family member to do so. Other factors that can influence or serve as a barrier for participation in sport include: tradition, where the child is influenced by family tradition/culture, families’ socioeconomic status, families’ personal beliefs, attitudes and beliefs.

10. Dad is head of the family • If Dad says you are playing…..? Then do you really have a choice? Questions • Have you ever played a sport because your Dad made you? • Has your Mum ever made you watch dancing with the stars? • Have you played sport because of tradition? Figure 12.2 pg 357 • Activity 12.1 is your family a certain type of family?

11. Questions for understanding. Describe how a family’s expectation for girls in the family could impact upon their choice of sport?

12. 2. Institution of the school pg 358 Schools are major institutions that contain rules and regulations for the purpose of maintaining order and organisation that inadvertently discriminate against some sections of the community and favour others. Schools have rules that must be followed and can affect students in different ways, such as the number and type of subjects to be studied, the offering of subjects and their availability on the subject line, compulsory subjects and the need for prerequisite subjects necessary for tertiary education qualification.

13. How many students do PE in Year 12? • 20 • How many students do Outdoor Ed in Year 12? • 25 • How many students do PE in Year 11? • 12 • How many students do Outdoor Ed in Year 11? • 17 • Why is the numbers for ORH subjects so low in Year 11? • Because PE is on the same line as Outdoor Ed in Yr 11.

14. Question for understanding • Why/How has this had an impact on participation in Physical activity at SJC.

15. Institution of the school (cont.) • Such institutional rules held by the school can deter or preclude any student from participation. That is, any of the above reasons may prevent the student from undertaking physical education as a subject. Opportunities to be part of a school interschool team may be limited due to the sports availability, venue, facilities and human resources within the school/district.

16. Institution of the school (cont.) • Schools may offer specialised sports to the advantage of some, but may restrict and create resentment for others. • Questions for understanding • Do sports at SJC get the same exposure as basketball? Why/Why not? • Does girls sport at SJC get the same exposure as boys? Why/Why not? • How many training sessions do the girls basketball team get compared to the boys? Is this fair?? • Why didn’t the girls travel to Penrith? • Why does World Cup Soccer start with the boys and not girls? • Is SJC a basketball school? Has SJC marketed itself on the basis of success or popularity of basketball?

17. Institution of the school (cont.) Schools/institutions education work programs have a major effect on the access that students have when it comes to the amount and type of physical education. Examples of other institutions whose policies may affect access to participating in physical education include Queensland Studies Authority, District Sport Committees, Regional Sport Committees and Queensland Secondary School Sport Council, EQ Policy. Education Queensland’s ‘Smart moves’ Policy makes it mandatory for all students in years 8–10 to participate in physical education.

18. Institution of sports clubs • Constitutions, rules, by-laws and regulations of sports clubs are designed to help the club implement a structure that people are aware of and interact with. • Some of these regulations include: • consequences for breach (eg expulsion or suspension) • costs of joining fees • equipment requirements • cost of tours and attire/apparel • non-acceptance due to race or gender or physical stature that is in conflict with club tradition • covert change in club’s original intentions and expectations.

19. Institution of sporting authorities Beyond the levels of sports clubs, organisations also referred to as institutions (such as the IOC and ACB), exist and make up the rules and by-laws for participation in sport and physical activities that fall under their banner and jurisdiction. Such rules, by-laws and other regulations would then filter down to the foundation level, thus affecting all individuals at all levels.

20. Institution of sporting authorities (cont.) • Such rules and by-laws can affect an individual’s access to a particular sport or physical activity if they come in conflict with issues such as: • individuals’ values and beliefs • socioeconomic backgrounds • cultural and ethnic backgrounds • religious beliefs • body type, personal appearance and the sexualisation of the body.

21. Institution of sporting authorities (cont.) • Sexploitation – thesexualising of athletes or physical activity participants. When a person is sexually objectified—that is, rather than seen as a person with the capacity for independent action and decision, a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behaviour, to the exclusion of other characteristics. • According to research conducted by the Australian Sports Commission, sexploitation applies to forms of marketing, promotion or attempts to gain media coverage that focus attention on the sexual attributes of female athletes, especially the visibility of their bodies.

22. Institution of sporting authorities (cont.) • In a context of sexploitation, the value of the female athlete is judged primarily in terms of her body type and attractiveness, rather than the qualities that define her as an athlete. • Focusing on an athlete’s/participant’s physical attributes in an overtly sexual manner can therefore create anxiety and embarrassment for the individual and affect their self-esteem. • Rules and regulations brought about by institutional governing bodies (eg beach volleyball) may assist in promoting a sport, but at the same time serve as barriers to other willing participants.

24. What is the big ticket item at the Olympic games? • WHY?

26. Uniform controversy • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_volleyball#Uniform_controversy

27. Question for understanding? • Explain the impact it might have on the participation of boys in AFL if the compulsory uniform became a lycra body suit.

28. Institution of religion Religion is an institution that has been established with its own set of rules deriving from social practices dating back many generations. Such rules carry with them interpretations about socially acceptable codes and behaviour befitting males and females. Females, particularly, are more affected by such rules.

29. Institution of religion (cont.) • Such religious rules can refer to: • dress code • exposure of the body • fasting/eating • undertaking physical activity (or not). • Religion is therefore highly institutionalised, containing many rules and regulations that may limit participation in some physical activities in some circumstances.

30. Institution of politics At Figueroa’s institutional level, politics has been a major institution of rule and law changes that have affected participation rates at all levels. Politics is the ultimate institution for changing rules and regulations that can affect an individual’s access to sport and physical activity. Political advocacy and policy implementation for both ethnic and Australian sporting interests allowed for many social changes and provided for many opportunities and access to a range of sport and physical activities.

31. Institution of politics (cont.) • Various policy changes within Australia that have been implemented on a particular sport have led to some form of social change or access for individuals. Such policies include: • White Australia Act • Anti Discrimination Act • Equal Opportunity Act • 2009 Government Stimulus Package for QLD schools • government laws for gaming as a source of revenue • establishment of government institutions such as the Australian Institute of Sport.

32. Institution of politics (cont.) • At Figueroa’s institutional level, politics has been a major institution of rule and law with changes that have vastly affected participation at all levels. • Such is the power of politics at the institutional level of Figueroa’s framework to invoke and revoke rules and regulations it can create a catalyst of events that can influence participation in sport for all citizens. In this way, politics and sport are inextricably linked.

33. Homework In a 300-word essay, use your knowledge of the institutional level of Figueroa’s framework analyse the following statement. SJC is a basketball school. SJC markets itself on the success and popularity of basketball. How has this impacted on your participation rate in basketball?