Seven Dynamic Forces for War and Peace

1. Seven Dynamic Forces for War and Peace

2. The history of the world is marked by explosion and degeneration separated by varying periods of history of more or less peace and human progress. Boundary lines between these periods of history, however, are not always clear cut.

3. If we were to examine the history of modern Western Civilization for instance, that is the period since the Renaissance, we would see three great periods of new ideas and rising forces, each of which culminated in long wars, tumults, and world disorder.

4. The first was the Thirty Years war which was ended by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 • The second was the forty years of war that followed in the wake of the American and French Revolutions, and that ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

5. The third, the world wide conflicts beginning with the first world war, and which by the way we are still dealing with at this moment.

6. The forces that make for war and peace are • Ideologies - This includes religious faith, social, economic, political, artistic, and scientific ideas. • Economic Forces - Economic determinism, while not an absolute in history, does have an impact. People need food to live. They want, what most of us I think, want, to live above the bare subsistence level- this creates economic forces and pressures.

7. The forces that make for war and peace are • Nationalism - It grows out of language, religion, folklore, traditions, literature, art, music, beliefs, habits, modes of expression, hates, fears, ideals, and loyalties. It expresses itself in patriotism which is itself built from the fundamentals of love of family, love of country, pride in racial accomplishments. Look - we fight for hearth and home - we fight for the flag.

8. The forces that make for war and peace are • Militarism - Man is a combative animal, that is most of us are - by this I mean competitive aggressive. We love to compete, and we learn to hate quite easily. Humans are also egoistic and in the mass we become even more egoistic. Our beliefs in superiority are quickly transformed into arrogance. And it is this arrogance which is one of the stimulants of aggression.

9. The forces that make for war and peace are • Imperialism - One of the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders. It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures. They all feed on one another.

10. Imperialism • Imperialism can be placed in to three categories. The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second - into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and their resources.

11. The forces that make for war and peace are • Extreme Nationalism threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly turns into imperialism.

12. The forces that make for war and peace are • Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which are burned into their souls.

13. The forces that make for war and peace are • The Will to Peace - Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike.

14. The forces that make for war and peace are • Imperialism - One of the larger moving forces in all history is imperialism and means nothing less than the movement of races over their racial borders. It is part cause and part effect. It comes from excessive nationalism, militarism, thirst for power, and economic pressures. They all feed on one another.

15. Imperialism • Imperialism can be placed in to three categories. The first - is the variety where expansion, settlement and development takes place in sparsely populated areas; The second - into areas of what the conquering nation terms uncivilized races incapable of self-government; The third - sheer conquest of civilized people. The last two embody one purpose - and that is to secure superior living conditions by exploiting other people and their resources.

16. The forces that make for war and peace are • Extreme Nationalism threatens peace - it contains ambition for power and glory. The quest for dignity, honor and aggrandizement. To gain a place in the sun is an inspiring call. Indeed, Nationalism can easily expand into dangerous forms - greed in exploitation of the resources and foreign trade of other peoples and in aggression which quickly turns into imperialism.

17. The forces that make for war and peace are • Fear, Hate, Revenge - These play a large part in the causes of war. The greatest of these is fear. Hate and revenge more often than not spring from Fear. Fear of invasion, starvation, blockade in war, economic disadvantage; age old hates from wrong. from rivalries, from oppression; yearnings for revenge for past injustices, past defeats all of these press towards violence. These lie deep in the recesses of the racial consciousness. Wrongs often live on for centuries in the minds of a people. There are traditional age old hates which are burned into their souls.

18. The forces that make for war and peace are • The Will to Peace - Against all of the forces which we have listed stands the Will to Peace. War kills or maims the best of the race. It brings the deepest of all grieves to every home. It brings poverty and moral degeneration. It brings these to victor and vanquished alike.

19. HISTORY OF US AIR POWER Historical Applications

20. WWI, WWII, the Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam, and the Gulf War

21. Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy Doctrine Objective Theory Strategy History Conflict Simulations & Exercises

22. Overview • World War I • World War II • Early Cold War • Korean War • Vietnam • Gulf War

23. Douhet Mitchell Theory • City busting • Bomb the people … break their will • Morale is a center of gravity • Need air superiority • Independent Air Force Who were the prominent airpower theorists? • Industrial web -- bomb means of war • Air power commanded by Airmen • First Expeditionary Air Force – St. Mihiel • Need air superiority • Independent Air Force

24. American military leaders learned from British combat experience 1914-1917 Billy Mitchell “From his friend General Hugh Trenchard, Commander of the British Royal Flying Corps, he learned to think of the airplane as an offensive weapon, best used in giant fleets of bombers striking against the enemy’s homeland”

25. In September 1918 Mitchell commanded allied group of nearly 1500 airplanes in the first mass use of aircraft for bombing attacks ♦ on enemy supply routes ♦and in support of ground troops.

26. Doctrine What role didACTS and AWPD-1 play in forming our initial airpower doctrine? • Hi-Alt Precision Day Bombing • Strategic bombardment • Industrial/Economic systems • Bomber will always get through • The Germany Plan • 6,860 bombers • 2,160,000 personnel • 6 months = victory

27. Objective What were US objectives in Europe? • Grand Allied Strategy • Unconditional surrender • Germany first • Start in North Africa • Strategic bombing • Limit Pacific activities • Channel invasion

28. Strategy What was the initial European Theater airpower strategy? • Combined Bomber Offensive • Americans by day • British by night How well did this initial concept work?

29. Doctrine • AWPD-42 • Change in doctrinal thinking • Bomber does not always get through • Air Superiority is key

30. Doctrine How did airpower doctrine in the Pacific differ from Europe?

31. Objective Objectives in the Pacific? • Grand Allied Strategy • Germany first, then Japan • Unconditional surrender

32. Strategy What airpower strategy was employed? • Island hopping campaign • Area bombing • Strategic interdiction of Japan • Centralized control • Atomic bomb

33. 06 Aug 45 We have grasped the mystery of the atom . . . . The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living. General Omar Bradley 09 Aug 45

34. “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

35. Theory • Iron Curtain -- bi-polar worldview • US vs USSR • Democracy vs Communism • WW III • Would be fought in Europe • Use of nuclear weapons inevitable

36. Doctrine • FM 100-20: Command/Employment of Airpower • Based on experiences in North Africa • AF’s declaration of independence • Land and air coequal and interdependent • Departure from FM 31-35 • Air superiority first requirement • Airpower must be commanded • by Airmen

37. Objective What were US post-WWII objectives? • Truman Doctrine - Soviet containment • NSC-68 - Paul Nitze • Marshall Plan - Europe’s economic recovery • Keep the Cold War Cold - prevent WWIII

38. Strategy • Berlin Airlift, Jun 48-Sep 49 • Saved Berlin • Demonstrated resolve • Specific air routes avoided escalation

39. By July 1, 1948, the Soviet Union had blocked all land and water routes into West Berlin. This is called a blockade. The people of West Berlin could not survive long without food, coal, or other supplies. They would be forced to become part of Communist East Germany.

40. C-47 planes of the airlift task force at the Wiesbaden air base being loaded with food and supplies for the people of the Russian-blockaded city of Berlin.

41. Strategy • Reconnaissance/Surveillance • Cost = 78 Airmen and 10 aircraft • Develop nuclear bomber and ICBM force • Forward basing

42. Long logistical lines • Lack of heavy airlift • NATO v. Warsaw Pact • 1,400 bases/31 countries

43. Theory What were the prevailing theories influencing Korean War doctrine? • Conflict = escalation to World War III • Aggression must be checked (credibility) • Europe would be the main theater • Korea as possible diversion • Limited resources

44. Doctrine • Guiding doctrine was FM 100-20 • Force and organization design • SAC and strategic bombardment • Jet age

45. Objective What were the US objectives? • Jun 50: Status Quo Ante • Repel invaders • Restore 38th parallel • Oct 50: Unite peninsula • Northeast Asian security • Jan 51: Status Quo Ante • Chinese intervention

46. “Red China is not a powerful nation seeking to dominate the world. Frankly, in the opinion of the JCS, this strategy [Gen MacArthur’s] would involve us in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, with the wrong enemy.” Strategy • Limited war (Europe was key) • Tactical vs strategic airpower • Couldn’t bomb source (China) • Limited targets • Modern systems unused • B-29s vs B-36 • F-51 / Twin Mustang, F-80 • F-86 comes on-line later • Counterland • Operation STRANGLE • Offensive counterair • MIG Alley

47. Summary • World War II • Early Cold War • Korean War

48. The Vietnam War

49. Theory, Doctrine, Objective, Strategy Doctrine Objective Theory Strategy History Conflict Simulations & Exercises

50. Overview Vietnam War • Theory and Doctrine • Objectives • Contextual Elements • Operational Elements • Strategies • Lessons Learned