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Chapter 35 section 2: The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

Chapter 35 section 2: The Challenge of Democracy in Africa. As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy Do Now: Read story and answer questions. Colonial Rule Limits Democracy. European Policies Cause Problems

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Chapter 35 section 2: The Challenge of Democracy in Africa

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  1. Chapter 35 section 2:The Challenge of Democracy in Africa As the recent histories of Nigeria and South Africa show, ethnic and racial conflicts can hinder democracy Do Now: Read story and answer questions

  2. Colonial Rule Limits Democracy European Policies Cause Problems • Borders of colonies in Africa ignore ethnic and cultural divisions • As a result, national identity is slow to develop in Africa • Colonial rule produces economic problems • Colonial rule also disrupts family and community life • Post-independence governments fragile and vulnerable to military coups

  3. A Land of Many People Nigeria has people from three different ethnic groups- each with own state Country adopts a federal system- state and central government share power War with Biafra In 1960s, country torn by ethnic fighting Military imposes martial law- temporary military rule In 1967 eastern region leaves Nigeria, forms new country of Biafra War ends in 1970 with Biafra defeated and Nigeria reunited Nigeria

  4. Nigeria’s Nation Building • In 1970s and 1980s military tries to create stable federal system • General Sani Abacha overturns election results of 1993 and takes power • He punishes dissents- government opponents • In 1999, civilian government finally gains power

  5. Civilian Presidents in Nigeria • Obasanjo tries to build strong, unified Nigeria by ending corruption • Promotes idea of forgiveness of Nigeria’s debt to rebuild country • Umaru Yar’Adua elected president in 2007 • Militant group threatened Nigeria’s oil exports and economic growth • Yar’ Adua died in May 2010 due to illness and next election is early 2011 • Civil rights and other problems have gotten better since the Obansanjo controls the government

  6. South Africa Under Apartheid • South Africa gains independence in 1931; white minority rules • In 1948, National Party enacts apartheid- separation of races • Government sets up reserves, called homelands, for blacks in 1959

  7. Blacks Protest • In 1912, blacks form African National Congress (ANC) to protest • Nelson Mandela- ANC leader imprisoned for 27 years • Protests rise in 1970s and 1980s, sometimes resulting in violence

  8. Struggle for Democracy • Religious leader Desmond Tutu urges economic pressure on government • He asks other countries not to trade with South Africa • In 1990, FW de Klerk legalizes ANC and frees Nelson Mandela from prison • Parliament repeals apartheid laws and grants rights to black • De Klerk agrees to elections open to all races to be held in 1994

  9. South Africa 1990s- present • In 1994, ANC wins majority of Parliament and Mandela is elected President • In 1996, new constitution is adopted giving equal rights to all • In 1999, Thabo Mbeki elected President • Faces challenges: high crime, unemployment and rampant poverty • Hopes to increase trade with other countries • Major problem: high number of people with AIDS • elected Jacob Zuma president in 2009

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