Table of Contents

1. Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology Section 2 The Human Genome Project Section 3 Genetic Engineering

2. Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology DNA Identification Steps in DNA Identification Recombinant DNA Applications for DNA Technology

3. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Objectives • Explainthe significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification. • Describefour major steps commonly used in DNA identification. • Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA. • Summarizeseveral applications of DNA identification.

4. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Identification • The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary between individuals and thus can be used to identify an individual.

5. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification • Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction • To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the DNA and copy it using thepolymerase chain reaction (PCR).

6. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction

7. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Polymerase Chain Reaction Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

8. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification, continued • Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme • The DNA is then cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. • Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences.

9. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA

10. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Action of Restriction Enzymes Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

11. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Steps in DNA Identification, continued • Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis • The fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis. • The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA fingerprint.

12. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Gel Electrophoresis

13. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Fingerprint Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

14. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Recombinant DNA • Cloning Vectors • Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments into vectors. • The resulting DNA from two different organisms is called recombinant DNA.

15. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Cloning Vectors and Plasmids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

16. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Applications For DNA Technology • DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as forensic investigation to determine the identity of a criminal.

17. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Objectives • Explainthe significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification. • Describefour major steps commonly used in DNA identification. • Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA. • Summarizeseveral applications of DNA identification.

18. Section 1 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Complete Sec 1 Review p 260 questions 1-9

19. Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology Section 2 The Human Genome Project Section 3 Genetic Engineering

20. Gene Technology Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 2 The Human Genome Project

21. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Objectives • Discusstwo major goals of the Human Genome Project. • Summarizeimportant insights gained from the Human Genome Project. • Explainwhy animal model species are useful to study genes. • Statehow information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects. • Relatebioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.

22. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Objectives • Discusstwo major goals of the Human Genome Project. • Summarizeimportant insights gained from the Human Genome Project. • Explainwhy animal model species are useful to study genes. • Statehow information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects. • Relatebioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.

23. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome • The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome. • This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders.

24. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued • Important Insights • The Human Genome Project yielded important information about human genes and proteins. • For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded.

25. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued • Model Species • The Human Genome Project included sequencing the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function.

26. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 Mapping The Human Genome, continued • Applications • Information from the Human Genome Project has been applied to medical, commercial, and scientific purposes.

27. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics • Bioinformatics • Bioinformaticsuses computers to catalog and analyze genomes.

28. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics, continued • Proteomics • Proteomics studies the identities, structures, interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins.

29. Section 2 The Human Genome Project Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics, continued • Microarrays • DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare specific genes such as those that cause cancer.

30. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Objectives • Discussthe uses of genetic engineering in medicine. • Summarizehow gene therapy is being used to try to cure genetic disorders. • Discusscloning and its technology. • Describetwo ways genetic engineering has been used to improve crop plants. • Discussenvironmental and ethical issues associated with genetic engineering.

31. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications • Genetic engineering is being used to provide therapies for certain genetic diseases.

32. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications, continued • Gene Therapy • Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene. • Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used to cure genetic disorders in the future.

33. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Medical Applications, continued • Cloning • In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual. • An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.

34. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Cloning Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

35. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Genetically Engineered Vaccines

36. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Agricultural Applications • Genetic engineering is used to produce disease-resistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the human food supply.

37. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering and CottonPlants

38. Section 3 Genetic Engineering Chapter 13 Ethical Issues • Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk. • Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues involved in genetic engineering have not been resolved.