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The Maghreb

The Maghreb. HIST 1007 11/6/13. The Spread of Islam. North Africa before Islam. Not integrated into empires Urban centers Connections to Europe and Byzantium Christianity Small scale agriculture Pastoralist nomads Berbers. Roman amphitheater in El Djem , Tunisia. Arab Conquests.

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The Maghreb

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  1. The Maghreb HIST 1007 11/6/13

  2. The Spread of Islam

  3. North Africa before Islam • Not integrated into empires • Urban centers • Connections to Europe and Byzantium • Christianity • Small scale agriculture • Pastoralist nomads • Berbers Roman amphitheater in El Djem, Tunisia

  4. Arab Conquests • 643-648: First invasion, across Libya • First Fitna • 665-689: Second invasion, conquer Tunisia • Second Fitna • 692-709: Third invasion, conquer Morocco • 711: Invasion of Spain • Establish numerous small states • Qayrawan: Capital of Arab Ifriqiya Great Mosque of Qayrawan, Tunisia

  5. Berbers and Islam • Subject population vs. welcomed converts • Jizya and slavery • Kharijism • 740-743: Berber Revolt • Berber tribal revolt • With Islamic trappings • Ends with Berber states centered on trading posts • Rustamids (r. 761-909): Kharijite Berber state centered on Tahert

  6. Idrisids (r. 789-926) • Zaydi Shi’ites • Idriss I (r. 788-791): grandson of the Shi’ite Imam Hasan b. `Ali and founder of Idrisid state • 787 – Flees `Abbasids • Seeks help of Awraba Berbers • Marries daughter of chief (birth of Morocco?) • Uses Shi’ite charisma and Berber muscle to conquer Morocco Tomb of Idris I, MoulayIdriss, Morocco

  7. Idrisids and Fez • 789 – Establish the city of Fez as Idrisid capital • Encourage immigration of Arabs • Especially those escaping from `Abbasids and Umayyads of Spain • Establish a core of Arab supporters to counter Berbers

  8. `Abbasids and Aghlabids • Aghlabids (r. 800-909) • `Abbasid governors of Ifriqiya turned independent dynasty • Centered on Qayrawan • The Wild West • Rebellious Arab soldiers • Berber attacks

  9. Aghlabids and Italy • 827 – 902: Conquest of Sicily • Part of Byzantine Empire • Along with southern Italy • 847 – 871: Emirate of Bari – Muslim state on Italian Peninsula • 9th century piracy • 965 – 1091: Emirate of Sicily • Norman conquest of Italy • Arabs in the Norman court Painting made for Norman king of Palermo, 1150

  10. Fatimids in North Africa • Isma`ili Shi’ite missionaries convert Kutana Berbers • 909: al-Mahdi declares himself caliph • Establish capital in Tunisia • Conquest of North Africa (and Sicily) • Destruction of Kharijite dynasties • 969: Conquest of Egypt • 972: Abandonment of North Africa Walls of Mahdia, first Fatimid capital

  11. Zirids (r. 973-1148) • Sanhaja Berbers governing North Africa for the Fatimids • Removal of Fatimid resources, especially navy • Sicily becomes fully independent • 1016: Shi’ite revolt violently put down • 1049: Zirids break with Fatimids, recognize `Abbasid authority

  12. New Arab Invasions • BanuHilal and BanuSulaym • Bedouin Arab tribes sent by Fatimids • 1057: Zirids lose Qayrawan • Breakdown of unified North Africa • Hammadids (r. 1014- 1152): Sanhaja Berber offshoot of Zirids ruling north-eastern Algeria BeniHammad Fort

  13. Almoravids (r. 1040-1147) • Sanhaja Berbers from the Western Sahara • Trans-Saharan Trade • Gold-Salt Trade • Sijilmasa: Key trade center in northern Sahara • Almoravids pressured by Zanata Berbers to the north and the Ghana Empire to the south

  14. Almoravids and Islam • 1040: Berber chieftain goes on pilgrimage to Mecca • `Abdallah b. Yasin: Maliki religious scholar from Qayrawan returns with chieftan • Teaches Qur’an, hadith, and law • Enforces strict moral code • No music, no alcohol, changes tax codes • Promotes coming of the last days • The inner jihad • Ribat – al-murabitun - Almoravids

  15. Maraboutism • Marabout: religious scholar and teacher, but also Sufi saint • Guide to a religious community • Syncretism • Ribat – murabit – marabout • Baraka, shrines, and ziyara A marabout’s tomb in southern Morocco

  16. Almoravids • 1055 – take Sijilmasa from Ghana • Establish control over Trans-Saharan Trade • 1070 – Establish Marrakesh as capital • 1080 – complete conquest of Morocco • 1082 – aid requested from Spanish Muslims • Create a single state uniting Sahara, Morocco, and Spain

  17. Almoravids and Empire • Amir al-muslimin • Scribes from Spain • Christian mercenaries • Black ghulam • Maliki religious scholars • Elimination of Shi’ism and Kharijism Almoravid General Abu Bakr

  18. Muhammad b. `Abdallah b. Tumart (ca. 1080-1130) • Berber religious scholar who studied in Baghdad and Damascus • Mixture of strict Sunni law with Sufi charisma • 1117: Returns to Morocco as a fiery, puritan preacher • Heir to the Prophet • Return to the time of the Prophet • Mahdi, imam, and ma`sun (sinless) • Berber military strength with religious charisma IbnTumart Mosque

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