Unit 3: The New Republic and Antebellum Period (1789-1850)

1. Unit 3: The New Republic and Antebellum Period (1789-1850) Challenges to the New Republic (1789-1825)

2. Daily Learning Target • I can analyze and explain the major domestic and foreign crises that faced the United States after the adoption of the Constitution.

3. President Washington Defines the Office of President • The “Father of Our Country” 1789-1797 • First Cabinet: Jefferson – Sec. State, Hamilton -Sec. Treasury • Hamilton wanted a large National Bank (the Bank of the U.S. in 1792) – it barely passed! • He wanted stable economy, strong defense, no national debt and a way to regulate state and local banks.

4. The First U.S. Political Parties • The Federalists – Led by Hamilton; believed in a loose interpretation of Constitution (Elastic Clause) • Democratic-Republicans – Led by Jefferson wanted a strict interpretation of Constitution and said the National Bank was unconstitutional

5. Early Struggles With Foreign Policy • The French Revolution (1789-1799) created problems for the U.S. • The U.S. said it was neutral. Were we? • 1793 – Britain began seizing U.S. ships and impressingU.S. sailors • Jay’s Treaty 1794 – British gave up forts on American side of Great Lakes, but kept restrictions on U.S. shipping/ trade. War was avoided, but some cried foul.

6. The Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 & Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 • Americans forces under General “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeat alliance of Native Americans led by Shawnee War chief, Blue Jacket, near Toledo, Ohio. • This led to increased American settlement as Indians gave up 2/3 of Ohio and S. Indiana. • Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795; with Spain (got LA from France in 1763) allowed the U.S. to use the port of New Orleans.

7. John Adams (1797-1801) • Problems with France, offended by Jay’s Treaty, dominated the Federalist, Adams’, tenure. • They copied the British and began seizing and fighting with American ships. • Alien Act of 1798 – toughened the citizenship requirements for immigrants and restricted free speech. Most new immigrants usually voted Democratic-Republican. • Sedition Act of 1798 – made it illegal to criticize the government in a time of crisis (i.e. the French threat).

8. Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) • Didn’t believe in a strong presidency or federal government; he was for “states’ rights” • Had Congress remove Alien & Sedition Acts; he was for 1st Amendment • Cut federal taxes on stamps & land & made cuts in government spending and reduced the debt from $80 Million to $59 Million-a minor miracle! • Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – Supreme Court Case that set precedent for judicial review – the power to decide the constitutionality of federal law.

9. Jefferson’s Presidency • The Louisiana Purchase (1803) – from France for $15 Million was apex of his presidency • Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-06) – Explored LA & reached Pacific Ocean • Zebulon Pike (1806-07) explored S.W. Louisiana

10. Jefferson’s Presidency Continued • Embargo Act of 1807 – suspended trade with Great Britain • Britain practiced impressment– a policy of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to work in Royal Navy • We thought Britain would need our food and cotton more than we needed their clothing – it failed because it hurt U.S. merchants & our economy • Congress ended it 1809 as Jefferson left office, but we were still having problems with the British Empire

11. James Madison (1809-1817) • The War of 1812 – Madison felt there was no choice but war • Britain invaded & captured Washington, DC • The U.S. failed to take Canada • We won most battles and therefore the war • Battle of New Orleans (1814) – Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero

12. James Monroe (1817-1825) • He wanted to prevent Spain or any other European nation from ever having colonies in the Americas • Monroe Doctrine (1823) – said we would use force to keep Western Hemisphere free of European domination • We saw ourselves as the supreme power in the hemisphere • We lacked the military to enforce it, but it will shape American foreign policy in the late 1800s and early 1900s

13. Bell Ringer: The New Republic (1789-1825) 1. Washington set the tradition of appointing a group of advisors known as the _________. a. Directory b. Cabinet c. Judiciary 2. Britain and other European nations declared war on this country when it overthrew the monarchy in 1789? a. Spain b. Prussia c. France 3. Some feel the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest achievement? a. Jefferson b. Madison c. Monroe 4. This failed law of 1807 was passed to keep American ships in port to avoid conflicts with the British Navy? a. Impressment Act b. Embargo Act c. Boycott Act 5. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was passed to a. prevent Mexico from breaking away from Spain. b. prevent European nations from creating new colonies in the Americas. c. prevent Great Britain from trading with the United States.