Degree Adverbs The Conjunctions sore ni and demo

1. Class Session 6b Chapter 4 • Degree Adverbs • The Conjunctions sore ni and demo • Creating Modifiers Using a Noun and the Particle no • Using the Numbers 1 to 10 • Reading Telephone Numbers Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

2. Degree Adverbs • Degree adverbs are used to express the degree of some property described by • adjectives. • Some degree adverbs (totemo, very much, māmā, more or less, and chotto, • a little bit) must be used with an affirmative form adjective: • eigo no tesuto wa totemo muzukashii desu. • English tests are very hard • yamada-san wa maamaa yasashii desu. • Ms. Yamada is relatively kind. • tanaka-san wa chotto ijiwaru desu. • Mr. Tanaka is a little bit nasty. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

3. Degree Adverbs (Continued) • amari ([not] very much) and zenzen ([not] at all) must be used with an adjective • in the negative form, regardless of whether the adjective represents a favorable • or unfavorable property: • eigo no tesuto wa amari muzukashiku arimasen. • English tests are not very hard. • sūgaku no tesuto wa amari kantan ja arimasen. • Math testss are not very easy. • chichi wa zenzen kibishiku arimasen. • My father is not strict at all. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

4. The Conjunctions sore ni and demo • Conjunctions are used to connect sentences (as in mentioning properties of an item • in separate sentences). • If you are mentioning an additional property, use sore ni (furthermore, in addition): • ano heya mo totemo akarui desu. sore ni, māmā hiroi desu. • That room is very bright. Furthermore, it is relatively spacious. • If you are mentioning a conflicting or contrasting property, use demo (but): • kono heya wa māmā hiroi desu. demo, amari akaruku arimasen. • This room is relatively spacious. But it is not very bright. Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

5. Creating Modifiers Using a Noun and the Particle no • We saw in Chapter 3 that the particle no can be used to form the possessive (…’s) as in • maiku-san no hon (Mike’s book) or to show relative location as in (ginkō no tonari) • (next to the bank) • The particle nocan also be used to create many additional modifiers from nouns (the • third category of adjectives) • Examples: • nihon no hon a Japanese book • nihon-go no hon a Japanese (language) book • nihon-go no gakusei a Japanese language student • nihon-jin no gakusei a Japanese student • Multiple no particles can be used in modifiers: • nihon no daigaku no sūgaku no gakusei • a student of mathematics at (of) a Japanese university • The ultimate item being modified must be place at the very end of the phrase Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

6. Using the Numbers 1 to 10 • Counting from 1 to 10 in Japanese (system borrowed from Chinese): • ichi • ni • san • shi (yon) (yo) • go • roku • shichi (nana) • hachi • ku (kyū) • jū • The number 4 is considered to be an unlucky number because one of its • pronunciations (shi) is also the pronuciation of shi (死) death Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012

7. Reading Telephone Numbers (yon, nana, ku) (p66) • There are some inconsistencies in pronouncing numbers in Japanese • When reading a telephone number, some numbers are pronounced as follows: • 4 yon (rather than shi) • 7 nana (rather than shichi) • 9 kyū (rather than ku) • The number 0 is pronounced as either zero or rei • When naming months: April is shigatsu (the fourth month) • When telling time, 4 is yo (as in yo-ji, 4 o’clock) Japanese 1100-L06b-07-08-2012