English I: Literature & Composition

English I: Literature & Composition Mid-Term Review

Unit I Character / Introduction to Literature / 5 paragraph essay

I. Character Character: the sum of moral and ethical qualities which defines an individual’s nature

Introduction to Literature • Know these key terms: • Exposition • Rising Action • Climax • Falling Action • Resolution • Theme • Autobiography • Novel • Plot • Protagonist • Memory Play

Introduction to Literature Be able to distinguish: Literary Devices • Foreshadowing • Allusion • Symbolism • Metaphor • Motif

Purposes of Literature • Edification: the instruction or improvement of a person morally or intellectually • Education: the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, esp. at a school or university • Entertainment: the action of providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment • Education seeks to impart knowledge to the reader; Edification seeks to impart wisdom, uplifting the moral and/or intellectual character of a person.

5-Paragraph Essay Be able to fill in an outline demonstrating the format for a 5-paragraph essay.

Unit II Parts of Speech / phrases & Clauses / Introduction to Research

Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea • Proper- names specific people, places, or things (first letter is always capitalized) • Common- names general groups, places, people, or things • Concrete- names things experienced through the senses • Abstract- names things not knowable through the senses • Collective- names groups

Nouns: examples

Pronouns: Take the place of nouns I told her that I would see him this afternoon. Mary excused herself from the table. (reflexive) William Shakespeare himself wrote the script. (intensive)

Pronouns These are the cupcakes I brought for Susan’s birthday. Is this the book I need for class? What is the next step in getting my driver’s license? Whose turn is it? The college thatI went to is in college. The girl wholooks like my sister is my best friend. All of the vegetables were washed. (antecedent = vegetables) Did everyone decide to go to the movie? (no antecedent)

Possessive Pronoun vs. Possessive Adjective • If the pronoun takes the place of a noun, it is a possessive pronoun. • Sally took mine from the library to the car. • If the pronoun modifies a noun, it is a possessive adjective. • My backpack is filled with research materials from the library.

Verb: expresses action, occurrence, or state of being • (Hint: If you’re unsure if a word in a sentence is a verb, try replacing it for a different tense of the word. If the sentence still makes sense, the word is a verb.)

Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun; includes articles a, an, and the

Adverb: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb • Descriptive adverbs- show levels of intensity, usually by adding more (or less) and most (or least) • Relative adverbs- words such as where, why, and when. Used to introduce adjective clauses • Conjunctive adverbs- describe or limit by creating logical connections to give words meaning. • Also, furthermore, moreover, besides, however, still, nevertheless, conversely, nonetheless, instead, otherwise, similarly, likewise, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then, next, meanwhile, finally, indeed, certainly

Preposition: shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence • About, according to, after, along, among, above, across, against, along with, apart from, around, as, by, by means of, behind, below, beneath, beside, except, in addition to…. • A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the words it modifies.

Conjunction: connects words, phrases, or clauses • Coordinating conjunction- connects two or more grammatically equal words, phrases, or clauses • Subordinating conjunction- two conjunctions that work as a pair • Both and…not only, but also…

Linking Verbs • A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that describes or identifies the subject. • Common Linking Verbs • am, is, are, was, were, being, be, can be, may be, might be, must be, shall be, will be, could be, should be, would be, has been, have been, had been, shall have been, will have been, could have been, should have been, would have been • appear, become, feel grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Predicate nominative • A predicate nominative is a noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and refers to the same person or thing as the subject of a verb. • William Shakespeare is my favorite writer. [Writer refers to the subject, William Shakespeare.]

Predicate Adjective • A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the verb. • Your ‘Merica Monday ensemble is festive. [The adjective festive modifies the subject ensemble.]

Direct Object: a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action. • A direct object tells whom or what after an action verb. • Examples: • Sister Anne Catherine uses the Gospel to lead us in morning prayer.

Indirect Object: a noun or a pronoun that comes between an action verb and a direct object. • Indirect objects tell to whom or to what the action of the verb is done. • Examples: • The Swedish Academy awarded Octavio Paz the 1990 Nobel Prize in literature. [Awarded the prize to whom?] • Julie’s part-time work experience landed her a full-time position. [Landed the position for whom?]

Phrases Review Phrases Slide Show from the Exam Review page on my website! Prepositional Phrases Appositive, Gerund, Infinitive, and Participial Phrases What makes a group of sentences a phrase rather than a clause?

Verbals & Verbal Phrases Overview

Phrase vs. Clause • Phrases do not contain both a subject and its verb. • Clauses do contain both a subject and its verb, but still function as part of a sentence.

Clauses • Review Clauses PowerPoint on my website! • Phrase vs. Clause • Independent Clause vs. Subordinate Clause • (How do you tell the difference?) • Subordinate Clauses: • Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause • How do you tell which type of subordinate clause a group of words is?

Noun, Adjective and Adverb Clauses An adverb clause tells how, how much, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. A noun clause may be used as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. An adjective clause always follows the word or words it modifies and tells which kind or which one.

Unit III Sentences and Common Sentence Errors

Sentences and Common Sentence Errors • Review The Sentence PowerPoint to review the parts of sentences. • Every sentence must have… • Review the Common Sentence Errors Test and PowerPoint! • Comma Splices, Run-on Sentences, Fragments, Lists & Examples, Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers, Split Infinitives, Shifts in Number/Subject/Voice/Tense/Discourse, Hanging Pronouns, Using Pronouns Effectively • Review the methods of revising sentences: • Vary the rhythm by alternating long and short sentences. • Vary the beginnings of sentences. • Review Writing Workshop

Unit IV 12-Sentence Paragraph and short stories

12-Sentence Paragraph • Use the outline you were given in class, along with the 12 sentence paragraph format handout on my website to review. • You will be asked to write a 12-sentence paragraph on the exam, and your grade will reflect your ability to: • Follow the 12-sentence format • Vary sentence openings • Vary sentence lengths • Support your topic sentence

Short Stories • Review the Short Stories PowerPoint. • You may be tested on: • The history of the genre (19th century beginnings, Edgar Allan Poe, O’Henry) • Plot • Conflict: Internal and External • Elements of the Short Story: Point of View (1st person, 3rd person), Theme (Implied and Stated), Tone, Mood • Figurative Language (Review from Unit I Intro to Literature): Simile, Metaphor, Personification • Literary Devices (Also a review from Unit I): Dialogue, foreshadowing, conflict, irony

Test-Taking Skills Expectations, skills, tips

Test-Taking Use the Process of Elimination (P.O.E.) Pace yourself. Remember there will be a 12 sentence paragraph to complete. Start this while you still have at least 30 minutes left in the exam period. Sometimes, you will feel that there is more than one possible answer. If this is the case in a multiple choice question, remember that you are being asked to choose the BEST possible answer. If this is the case in a short answer or essay question, choose one answer and support it fully!

Test-Taking Circle questions that you’re unsure of and come back to them later. Do not get stuck and waste time! Trust your first answer. Unless you have a strong reason to change your answer, trust your first one. Focus on one exam at a time. The next exam will have its own time. Write your name on the test AND on the Scantron.

Answering Short Answer Questions • When answering short answer questions on academic tests, always include part of the question in your answer. • Example: Q: Why are autobiographies inherently anecdotal? • A: Autobiographies are inherently anecdotal because they do not feature carefully planned plotlines. • Write in complete sentences! • Answer the question being asked.

Matthew 6:25-34 25 “Therefore I tell you, do not be anxious about your life, what you shall eat or what you shall drink, nor about your body, what you shall put on. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothing? 26 Look at the birds of the air: they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than they? 27 And which of you by being anxious can add one cubit to his span of life? 28 And why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they neither toil nor spin; 29 yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 30 But if God so clothes the grass of the field, which today is alive and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, will he not much more clothe you, O men of little faith? 31 Therefore do not be anxious, saying, ‘What shall we eat?’ or ‘What shall we drink?’ or ‘What shall we wear?’ 32 For the Gentiles seek all these things; and your heavenly Father knows that you need them all. 33 But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these things shall be yours as well. 34 “Therefore do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Let the day’s own trouble be sufficient for the day. Hakuna Matata 

English I: Literature & Composition