Wireless Broadband Access for the Automobile: Applications and Enabling Technologies

1. Wireless Broadband Access for the Automobile: Applications and Enabling Technologies Dan Stancil Acknowledgements: Ratish Punnoose, Stanley Wang, Richard Tseng, He Huang, James Casazza, James Grace, Jessica Hess, Kevin Borries, Jacob Meyers, Tony Nolla, Priya Narasimhan, Ed Schlesinger Jay Parikh July 29, 2003

2. Outline • Where we’ve been • Where we’re going

3. Wireless Networking: Where We’ve Been • Understanding • Interference between Bluetooth and 802.11b characterized • Basic understanding of noise from small number of interferers established (Ph.D. thesis) • Coverage of 2.4 GHz signals within a vehicle for different antenna placements • Infrastructure • Communications Resource Management using CORBA middleware: • Scalable, flexible architecture proposed • Demo of interactions between cellphone agent, CD player agent, speech agent, and sound agent (Video demo available)

4. Co-existence in Unlicensed Bands • A number of wireless technologies are in use in the unlicensed bands. • 802.11, Bluetooth, ITS services, many proprietary point-to-point wireless connections. • Future wireless technologies are likely to use the ISM bands. • No need for licenses, rather wide bandwidth, worldwide availability, decreases time to market.

5. Interference • These wireless devices share the frequency spectrum. • Operation of devices interferes with the working of other devices using the same band. • Effects can be seen as: • Reduced data rate. • Increased error rate. • And sometimes, a failure to operate. • Exact behavior of co-existing devices is not well-characterized.

6. BT Interference on 802.11b

7. Performance of 802.11b with Bluetooth Interference Signal strength =-61dBm Signal strength =-61dBm 60 20 15 40 10 % lost packets % lost packets 20 5 0 0 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 11 Mbps 2 Mbps S/I in dB

8. Theory for 802.11/Bluetooth Interference

9. Noise Distribution • The noise values have a probability distribution.

10. PDF of Gaussian Noise + Interference

11. In-vehicle Communication • Vehicle will likely participate in local 2.4 GHz networks with personal electronic devices • Bluetooth • Wi-Fi • Unobtrusive antennas are needed that can be camouflaged • Optimum antenna placement decreases power and reduces interference to other electronics • Useful to know the propagation coverage within the vehicle

12. Test Vehicle Setup • Pontiac Montana • Transmitting antenna placed on dashboard and ceiling • Empty vehicle, and with driver Dash Ceiling

13. Effect Of People • Obstruction by the driver or other passengers

14. Results Showing Effect of Driver dB loss

15. Palm/PDA Speakers PDA Cradle Microphone USB Controller Jog Dial/ Mouse Wheel WaveLAN Sound Card CellPhone Finger Print Recognition USB Controller USB Controller Digital Camera Firewire Controller Firewire Controller Radio Card TV Card EtherNet VGA Controller Serial Controller Serial Controller GPS Receiver Touch Screen Vehicle’s ECU - RPM, MPH, etc CDPD Modem Temperature Sensor Communication Components of CMU/GM Vehicle Testbed Acknowledgement: Asim Smailagic, Dan Sieworek, Rapid Prototyping Class (Fall 2001)

16. Communication System Architecture Goals • Provide support for different data service requirements. • A manager to arbitrate resources. • Provide easy access to commonly used functions (eg. GPS) • Provide a framework for building software agents that have to interact with each other. • Minimal change to existing applications.

17. Software Interaction using CORBA

18. Demo Video

19. Middleware Comparisons CORBA TAO/C++ Server Client Mean: 163 SD: 6.5 CORBA TAO/C++ Mean: 796.0 SD: 638.0 CORBA Java IDL CORBA Java IDL Mean: 12.5 SD: 110.0 OSGi OSGi Mean: 45700.5 SD: 18750.5 J2EE J2EE

20. Where We’re Going • Understanding • Peer-to-peer propagation channel at 2.4 GHz and 5-6 GHz • Infrastructure • Van experimental infrastructure update • Peer-to-peer wireless links using technologies such as Bluetooth and 802.11a,b,g • Middleware testbed for agent and communication resource architecture and management • Intelligent mobile IP client • Applications • DSRC • Short-range transactions • Real-time traffic information

21. Experimental Van: Before & After Original infrastructure Updated infrastructure

22. Peer-to-Peer Networking • Exchange of emergency/traffic information • “Walkie-talkie” style communication between vehicles • Allow one vehicle to function as a network portal for nearby vehicles • Exchange of diagnostic information • Facilitate platoon formation for efficient highway travel

23. Peer-to-Peer Testbed • Collect extensive propagation data between vehicle pairs using different frequencies and technologies • 802.11b, 802.11a, UWB • Enable demonstrations of application concepts • Results will facilitate selection of most promising technologies • Provide GM with background to influence evolving standards

24. Vehicle Mobility in the Internet • A vehicle may have a different Internet address for each network attachment point. • This allows it to access Internet servers but it is not easily accessible due to changing IP addresses. • The vehicle needs to be accessed for diagnostics and status information. • Mobile IP provides seemingly continuous Internet access to its Mobile Hosts by obtaining an IP address from its Home Agent. • With Mobile IP each vehicle can be addressed using a single IP address, regardless of the point of connection.

25. Mobile IP Design Application . TCP/UDP Basic Entities: MN = Mobile Node HA = Home Agent FA = Foreign Agent CH = Correspondent Node IP (routing) CN Home Network ForeignNetwork HA FA MN

26. Advantages of MoIP • Transparency • Continue using its home address. • Ability to communicate after disconnect & reconnect. • Change its point of attachment. • Compatibility • Support of any lower layer that IP runs on. • No change to ordinary hosts and routers. • Communicate with unaware nodes.

27. Birdstep Intelligent Mobile IP Client • Allows seamless roaming between networks without having to restart VPN session! • Presently being installed at CMU Note: FA only required under certain circumstances, such as NAT traversal

28. Proposal: Traffic Companion • Pittsburgh has an extensive network of traffic condition sensors • Mobility Technologies, Inc. (http://www.mobilitytechnologies.com) is commercializing this technology • http://www.traffic.com/Pittsburgh/index.html • PennDOT has an extensive network of traffic cameras • http://www.epenndot.com/traffic_cams.php#

29. Traffic.com map • Map updated every minute http://www.traffic.com/Pittsburgh/index.html

30. PennDOT Traffic Cam Images • Images updated every minute http://www.epenndot.com/traffic_cams.php#

31. Could we put access to this in the vehicle? • Connectivity via Verizon 1X wireless data + hotspot roaming • Real-time traffic conditions • Just-in-time route planning • Using cyclic patterns to predict best route • Useful but non-distracting graphical interface

32. Summary • Past Projects • Unlicensed coexistence • Communications Resource Management using Middleware • 2.4 GHz propagation coverage in and around vehicle • Future Directions • Peer-to-peer test bed • Propagation channel • Middleware architecture • Mobile IP Intelligent client for seamless roaming • CMU Traffic Companion for real-time traffic planning

33. For More Information • “Interference Between Devices in the ISM Band.” - Ratish Punnoos/Dan Stancil • “Antenna Placement in Vehicles: Electromagnetic Propagation at 2.4 GHz.” - James Casazza, James Grace, Ratish Punnoose, Dan Stancil • “Communications Resource Management for Advanced Telematics Applications.” -Richard Tseng, Ratish Punnoose, Stanley Wang, Dan Stancil, Ed Schlesinger • Communications Resource Manager Video- Stanley Wang • “Interoperability, Performance Evaluation and Adaptation of CORBA, OSGi and J2EE for Telematics Applications.” - He Huang, Ratish Punnoose, Priya Narasimhan, Dan Stancil • “Peer-to-Peer Unlicensed Communication Between Automobiles.” - James Casazza/James Grace • “Wireless Broadband Access for the Automobile: Applications and Enabling Technologies.” - James Casazza/James Grace