Understanding Mammalian Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

1. Circulation Today: and Respiration

2. CB 42.5 Mammals have two ciculatory circuits: pulmonary and systemic

3. Blood flows from arteries to capillaries to veins CB42.9

4. CB 42.11 Blood pressure changes as the blood moves from arteries to capillaries

5. This change in pressure causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries CB 42.14

6. High pressure, Fluid forced out Interstitial fluid, Recovered by… Blood in vein, More viscous

7. Not all of the fluid (~15%) is reabsorbed on the venous side. This interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system. CB 42.14

8. Lymphatic system CB 43.5

9. Because of the low pressure in veins and lymph vessels, movement of these fluids comes from skeletal muscles movements. CB 42.10

10. The mammalian circulatory system is both open and closed

11. CB 42.5 Nutrients, Waste, O2, CO2, Water, Minerals, etc must be transported throughout the body

12. CB 42.27 Gases move by diffusion: Only from high to low concentration

13. CB 42.28 Hb is carried inside red blood cells Hemoglobin (a protein) carries oxygen in the blood hemoglobin

14. CB 42.23 The Respiratory System: large surface area to maximize gas exchange ~100m2 in humans

15. CB 42.23 Gas exchange occurs in alveoli

16. In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood, and CO2 diffuses out into the lungs.

17. CB 42.27 How is oxygen delivered to where it is needed?

18. CB 42.13 By adjusting blood flow…

19. By changes in blood pH CB 42.30

20. Blood CB 42.30 Cell Hb in RBC O2 Cellular Respiration CO2 Low CO2 High O2 CO2 Hb in RBC O2 Lung

21. Blood CB 42.30 Cell Hb in RBC O2 Cellular Respiration CO2+H2O =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) CO2 Low CO2 High O2 (less carbonic acid) CO2 Hb in RBC O2 Lung

22. Blood CB 42.30 Cell Hb releases O2 at lower pH O2 Cellular Respiration CO2+H2O =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) CO2 Low CO2 High O2 CO2 (less carbonic acid) Hb can bind O2 O2 Lung

24. I hope Pat likes my feathers because I am tired of dragging them around everywhere.

25. 1 Which is male? 2

26. 1 Which is male? 2

27. Female grizzly bears cannot reproduce while lactating. Therefore they can only reproduce every once every 3 years…

28. …this leads to competition between males

29. Sexual Dimporphism: differences between males and females

30. Average height/weight by sex in U.S.

31. Ratio of Weight Male/Female M/F

32. Bonobos

33. Primates have different reproductive stratagies

34. Ratio of Weight Male/Female M/F

35. Testes Compared to Overall Weight Testicle size (oz) per body weight (lbs)

36. Pipefish: related to seahorses

37. Pregnant Male: Males care for developing eggs

38. Males care for developing eggs

39. The Measurement of Sexual Selection Using Bateman’s Principles: An Experimental Test in the Sex-Role-Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus typhle (2005) Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:874–884 Adam G. Jones, Gunilla Rosenqvist, Anders Berglund, and John C. Avise

40. When there are more females than males, many females cannot mate. frequency number of mates Jones et al. Fig. 1

41. frequency When the sex ratio is even, most males and females mate. number of mates Jones et al. Fig. 1

42. frequency When there are more males than females, most males can mate. number of mates Jones et al. Fig. 1

43. The sex ratio affects who will successfully reproduce. Pipefish females are more affected by competition. Jones et al. Fig. 1

44. (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) Excess females: only medium size females can mate number of individuals body length (mm) Jones et al. Fig. 4

45. (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) Excess males: many different size males can mate number of individuals body length (mm) Jones et al. Fig. 4

46. (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) medium sized female pipefish are most successful at reproducing while size is less critical for male pipefish Jones et al. Fig. 4

47. Different reproductive strategies lead to differences in sexual dimorphism.