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Learn about the different types of joints in the articular system and their movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and more.
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Chapter 8 The Articular System Joints
Introduction • Articulation: union between two or more bones • Can be mobile or immobile • Examples • skull bones • Knee or elbow joint
Introduction • Joints are classified into three major groups based on: • Degree of movement allowed (function) • Type of material holding bones together (structure) • 1-synarthroses • 2- Amphiarthroses • 3- Diarthroses or synovial joints
Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Flexion/extension • Hyperextension: abnormal extension • Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion • Abduction/adduction • Rotation • Circumduction
Movements at Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Supination/pronation • Eversion/inversion • Protraction/retraction • Opposition/reposition
Flexion and extension • Flexion : The act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones. • Extension: The act of increasing the angle between bones and is the opposite of flexion.
Hyperextension • Hyperextension : It increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position.
Abduction and adduction • Abduction: Is moving the bones away from the midline of the body. • Adduction: Is moving the bone toward the midline of the body.
Rotation and circumduction • Rotation: Is the act of moving the bone around a central axis. • Circumduction: Is moving the bone in such a way that the end of the bone describe the circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air.
Supination and pronation • Supination: Is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are in parallel. • Pronation :Is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel.
Eversion and inversion • Eversion : Is the moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle. • Inversion: Is moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle.
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Ball-and-socket • Widest range of movement • Movement can occur in all planes and directions • Shoulder • Hip
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Ball-and-socket
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Hinge • Convex surface fits into concave surface • Flexion and extension only • Knee • Elbow
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Hinge
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Pivot • Rotation in one plane • Atlas and axis (cervical spine) • Rotation of the head
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Pivot
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Condyloid (ellipsoidal) • Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity • Motion in two planes at right angles • Radius and carpal bones
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Condyloid (ellipsoidal)
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Saddle • Motion in two planes at right angles • Permits opposition of the thumb
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Saddle
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Gliding • Gliding motion • Intervertebral joints in spine
The Six Types of Diarthroses or Synovial Joints (cont’d.) • Gliding