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PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

W. G. SCOTT RAL/PPD 28 Nov 2007. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE.

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PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE

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  1. W. G. SCOTT RAL/PPD 28 Nov 2007 PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE We are encouraged to spend 1% of our research grant funding on “outreach” activities, promoting understanding, appreciation and awareness of our science to the general public: Targeting 11-16 yr olds in schools etc. can help attract more young people into a scientific career. (e.g. RAL MasterClass 12-14 Mar 2008). Helps produce highly qualified researchers with advanced skills needed by academia, industry and commerce. Helps ensure that the UKs front line contribution in this science is recognised by opinion formers, decision-takers/politicians. Taxpayers can have an appreciation and awareness of the research being funded on their behalf.

  2. THE STANDARD MODEL: (schematic) higgs kinetic term yukawa term fermion kinetic term gauge “kinetic” term where: “higgs potential” field-strength tensor “covariant derivative” vector potential

  3. THE HIGGS FIELD: quarks leptons W,Z etc. gives masses to the pointlike particles : refraction?.

  4. …but not to the neutron/proton! PROTON NEUTRON u=“UP” (+2/3) QUARKS d=“DOWN” (-1/3)

  5. PARTICLE PHYSICS http://www.net.rl.ac.uk/ramfiles/ppd2001-01.ram

  6. THE ATOM electrons (-) NUCLEUS proton(+) neutron

  7. PROTON NEUTRON u=“UP” (+2/3) QUARKS d=“DOWN” (-1/3)

  8. ELECTRICAL FORCES e- e- Photon QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

  9. QED e- e- γ e- e-

  10. QED d e- γ e- d

  11. QUARK CONFINEMENT The “Strong” Force Quark Antiquark

  12. “CHROMOSTATICS”

  13. “CHROMOSTATICS” THE “COLOUR” FORCE

  14. QCD quarks 3 colours gluons 8 colours

  15. THE WEAK FORCEBeta Decay n p Antineutrino Electron

  16. BETA DECAY(at the quark level) d u Antineutrino Electron

  17. WEAK INTERACTION u e- W+ d

  18. W+ u e- THE WEAK FORCE Due to W-boson exchange

  19. The Discovery of the W+/- and Z0UAI (1983)MASSES:W+/-≈ 80GeVZ0 ≈ 91GeV

  20. NEUTRAL CURRENTS (1973)

  21. ELECTRO-WEAK

  22. THE “FORCE” PARTICLES g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8W- Z0 W+γ

  23. CERN

  24. THE “MATTER” PARTICLES Q -1 0 -1/3 +2/3

  25. THE DISCOVERY OF TOP(Fermilab USA 1994) top ≈ 180 GeV

  26. ELECTROWEAK w+ w- z0 e+ e-

  27. GAUGE THEORIES

  28. MATTER PARTICLES(Fermions) 1 + 1 = 0(Pauli exclusion principle) FORCE PARTICLES(Bosons) 1 + 1 = 4(Stimulated emission, lasers etc)

  29. PLANCK SCALE 10 GeV GRAND UNIFICATION: 19 hyper. GUT SCALE 10 GeV 16 weak INVERSE COUPLING strong ENERGY GeV

  30. INTERACTION WITH THE HIGGS FIELD gives masses to the “point-like” particles, quarks, leptons, W, Z etc.

  31. PROF HIGGS UNIV EDINBURGH

  32. HIGGS AT LEP

  33. TO DISCOVER THE HIGGS WE NEED: THE LHC

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