Introduction To Biodiversity

1. Introduction To Biodiversity

2. What is Biodiversity??? • Biological diversity • Simply means the diversity, or variety, of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region • Also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region

3. Okay, So Why Is It Important? • Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web of life, including humans • Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life • Plant, animal, and insect species interact and depend upon one another for what each offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment • "It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely without threatening humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of Biodiversity)

4. EarlyClassification • To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. • The field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms is called Taxonomy. • Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy (1700’s) •Linnaeus is considered the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals

5. Linneaus’ Findings: • Millions of animals and plants • How did we keep them in order? • Binomial Nomenclature

6. Hierarchy

7. Binomial Nomenclature • Identifying organisms by their genus and species’ names • 2 words • First letter of FIRST word is capital, First letter of SECOND word is lowercase. • The word needs to be in italic or underlined • Latin Form of the word. • Ex: Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus • Humans, Red Maple, Wolf

8. Binomial Nomenclature • Used because the common name can sometimes be misleading. • Common names can be different in various parts of the world (for example the British, North American and Australian “Robins”) • Latin is a universal “dead” language

9. How do Scientist Classify organisms? • You will probably need to add this slide to your notes • Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters. • Derived Characters can be used to construct a Cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organism • This concept was derived from Darwin. • http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf

10. How do Scientist Classify organisms? • Early systems of classification grouped organisms together bases on visible similarities. • That can quickly lead to troubles…. • Biologist now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. • Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters. • This concept was derived from Darwin.

11. How do Scientist Classify organisms? • Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of organisms can be used to help determine classification. • Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time. A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently.

12. Dichotomous Key • A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions that state the rules for placing items into categories within a system of classification • Ex: Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make one for our class!!)

13. Now, it’s your turn to Practice • We will work in groups of 2 • Pick someone that is dressed most like you today • Move beside them QUIETLY • I will hand out lab materials and questions and go over the lab • You will have 15 minutes to work on this lab and to finish the questions • Go back to your seats and begin on System of Classification Notes

14. 6 Kingdoms! • 1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria) • 2. Archaebacteria- (Bacteria) • 2. Protists- (Amoeba) • 3. Fungi- (Mushrooms) • 4. Plants- (Trees) • 5. Animal- (Mammals)

15. 2 Kingdomsor 1? • Our book lists 6 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria • Prior to 1990 most books listed only 5 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped together Monera • Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my quizzes and test. )

16. The Three-Domain System • Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientist. • The domain is more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom. • Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

17. Assignment • Copy the chart on page 459 in its entirety. • Plain white paper • Due the day of the test!

18. Eubacteria • Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic and Hetrotrophic • Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. • Cell walls with peptidoglycan. • Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. • Ex: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli • Bacteria…ecological diverse • Free living soil organisms to deadly parasites • Some need oxygen some do not need oxygen.

19. Archaebacteria • Single Celled • Prokaryotic • Autotrophic and Heterotrophic • Cell walls do NOT contain peptidogllycan • Ex: Methanogens, halophiles • These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud. • Most survive in the absence of oxygen

20. Protists • Mostly unicellular • Eukaryotic • Autotrophic/Heterotrophic • Members have great variety • Ex: Amoeba (bottom) and Paramecium (top) • You need to be familiar with BOTH of these little guys…they will be on your quiz/test.

21. Fungi • Mostly multicellular but some unicellular. • Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food. • Heterotrophic • Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients… Decomposers • Ex: Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.

22. Plant Kingdom • Green- contain chlorophyll • Make food by photosynthesis • Ex: Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower, Etc

23. Animal Kingdom • Multi-Cellular • Cannot make their own food • Most animals move (sponge is sessile) • Vertebrates: (Backbone) Ex: Fish, Frogs, Birds, Snakes, and US!! • Invertebrates: (No backbone) Ex: Sponges, Jellyfish, Earthworm

24. A Mysterious Organism-Virus • Not sure which classification to put viruses under • No cell parts • Chromosome-like structures • Do not grow as living things

25. 1. A virus is an infectious organism that reproduces within the cells of an infected host. 2. A virus is not alive until it enters the cells of a living plant or animal . 3. A virus contains genetic information wrapped in a protein coat. 4. Viruses can be useful as well as harmful. 5. A virus that mutates ensures its own survival by making itself unrecognizable to immune systems and vaccines. 6. Even viruses engineered for useful purposes can be harmful if unchecked A Mysterious Organism-Virus

26. Body Symmetry • Body Symmetry- The arrangement of body parts. • Radial Symmetry- Has body parts radiating from a central point. Ex: Starfish, Hydra • Bilateral Symmetry- An animal with body parts arranged in pairs on either sides of a central axis. Ex: Humans • Asymmetry- Irregular body shape

27. Body Symmetry

28. Parts of the Body • Dorsal- Top of animal (Back Surface) • Ventral- Bottom of animal (Belly) • Anterior- Front of animal • Posterior- End of animal

29. A series of changes during which young insects develop into adults Metamorphosis

30. CompleteMetamorphosis • Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult • The larva looks completely different than the adult • Ex: Butterflies, Beetles, Flies

32. Incomplete Metamorphosis • Egg, Nymph, Adult • A nymph is like a much smaller version of the adult • Ex: Grasshopper, Cockroaches

33. Biomes • Large areas (ecosystems) with the same type of climax community • Biomes located on land are called terrestrial • Those located in oceans, lakes, streams, or ponds are called aquatic

34. Biomes • Terrestrial biomes include (out of your book) Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grassland, Deciduous Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest • Other Biomes Savannah, Chaparral, Mountain Zones, etc

35. Biomes • Aquatic Biomes include …. • Marine, estuary, and freshwater.

36. Biomes

37. Tundra • Treeless land. • Short soggy summers; long, cold, dark winters • Strong winds • Temperature never rises above freezing for long.

38. Tundra Tundra • Permafrost- Permanently frozen subsoil • Only topmost layer of soil thaws during the summer • Poorly developed soil • Grasses, shallow-rooted plants

39. Tundra Tundra • Mosses, lichens, sedges, bearberry, and short grasses • Waterfowl, musk ox, arctic foxes, caribou, lemmings

40. Tundra

41. Tundra Tundra

42. Tundra Tundra

43. Tundra Tundra

44. Tundra Tundra • Bearberry is a common plant that can be found in the Tundra. • This is in the warm season.

45. Taiga • Circles the North Pole • Land of mixed pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce trees • Warmer and wetter than Tundra • Bears, elk, deer, beavers, owls, bobcats

46. Mild temperatures Abundant precipitation during fall winter and spring Relatively cool dry summer Rocky Acidic soils Taiga

47. Taiga

48. Taiga

49. Taiga

50. Taiga