Exploring Mendelian Genetics Chapter 11-3

1. Exploring Mendelian GeneticsChapter 11-3

2. Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called:A. HeredityB. GeneticsC. GenesD. Homozygous

3. The science that studies HOW those characteristics are passed down from one generation to the next is called:A. HeredityB. GeneticsC. GenesD. Homozygous

4. Mendel theorized that there must be ___ “factors” that control each trait.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

5. Different gene choices for a trait are called:A. GenesB. HomozygousC. HeterozygousD. Alleles

6. What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two contrasting alleles?

7. What is the term given when a trait is controlled by two identical alleles?

8. When a DOMINANT allele is paired with a recessive allele, the DOMINANT trait will mask the recessive trait. This is known as the Principal of _______________?A. TraitsB. SegregationC. DominanceD. Alleles

9. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” provide plan depends environmental

10. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ choices MORE than 2 MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT B O A

11. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT

12. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought MORE than ONE gene Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____“___________” phenotypes many in-between There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between whole range

13. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

14. COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ?____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Recessive returns 3:1 F2

15. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE __________ expected _____ ratio in F2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait 3:1 Heterozygous BLENDED

16. CO-DOMINANCE BOTH SAME TIME NO BLENDING _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH RED WHITE

17. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A alleleAND a B allele have blood type AB

18. REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ sugars GLYCOPROTEINS

19. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices= _________________________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____ ____ ____ A B O

20. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

21. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B”glycoprotein on its surface

22. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

23. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

24. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES A A B B O AB

25. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD A and AB see Aas “like me”

26. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD B and AB see Bas “like me”

27. DONORBLOOD O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!

28. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONORBLOOD Only AB sees ABas “like me”

29. AB can only GIVE to ABBUT . . . AB ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

30. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA

31. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh+ Rh-

32. OTHER BLOOD TYPES NO PROBLEMS ____________________ IF: MOM is _____& BABY is ____ Rh+ Rh+ MOM is _____& BABY is _____ Rh+ Rh-

33. PROBLEM Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Rh- Rh+ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this

34. DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits)

35. Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

36. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________=____________________ TWO gene traits A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS

37. Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas • Section 11-3

38. LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy RRYY 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes

39. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors

40. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene RRYY RY RY RY RY ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

41. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN rryy r y ry ry ry ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

42. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene RrYy RY ry rY Ry ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________

43. ry ry ry ry RY RY RY RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype ROUND YELLOW

44. MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW X RrYy RrYy

45. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY rY ry Ry

46. RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green 9 RRYYRRYyRrYY RrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy RryyRrYY RrYyrrYY rrYy RrYyRryy rrYyrryy 3 3 1 heterozygous dihybrid Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1

47. 9 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 dominant dominant 3 dominant recessive 3 recessive dominant 1 recessive recessive __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross 9:3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene

48. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESfor DIHYBRID CROSSES

49. What are the possible gametes? pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce? R RTT     R T RT RT R T

50. What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ _____ ______ What gametes can it produce? T tRR     T R tR tR T R