Presentation

1. Presentation Losses in Single Stage Centrifugal Compressors Compressed Air System Prepared by BarhmMohamad Faculty of Mechanical Engineering – Hungary https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barhm_Mohamad http://iises.academia.edu/BarhmMohamad

2. Compressed Air System Introduction Types of compressors Assessment of a centrifugal compressors Energy efficiency opportunities Compressed Air System

3. Introduction Compressor is one of its class of machines in producing pressure by convert K:E to static pressure , and classified into three types : 1- high pressure compressor : like Combined axial-centrifugal compressors 2- medium pressure compressor : like centrifugal compressors (blowers). 3- low pressure compressor : like axial compressors ( jet engines and gas turbine power plants) . There are many type of Compressors: 5 to > 50,000 hp depending on applications ,flow ,pressure ratio, frontal area, deliver of pressure and many other aspects . Compressed Air System

4. Introduction Main Components in Compressed Air Systems • Intake air filters • Inter-stage coolers • After coolers • Air dryers • Moisture drain traps • Receivers Compressed Air System

5. Compressed Air System Introduction Types of compressors Assessment of compressors and compressed air systems Energy efficiency opportunities Compressed Air System

6. Types of Compressors Two Basic Compressor Types Compressed Air System

7. Types of Compressors Centrifugal Compressor • Rotating impeller transfers energy to move air. • Continuous duty. Compressed Air System • Designed oil free. • High speed due to the blade design and the direction of fluid flow. • Air is sucked into impeller eye. • 50% pressure rise occurs in the impeller and another 50% of pressure will rise in diffuser.

8. Compressed Air System Introduction Types of compressors Assessment of a centrifugal compressors Energy efficiency opportunities Compressed Air System

9. Assessment of a centrifugal Compressors Aspects of a Centrifugal Compressor : • Type of Flow: Radial • Pressure Ratio: about 5 • Isentropic Efficiency: max 82% • Effect Of Deposits: No Adverse Effect • Suitability of Multistaging: max 2 • Delivery Pressure: about 40 Bar • Applications: ic engine , gas pumping plants . Compressed Air System

10. Assessment of a Centrifugal Compressor • Vaneless diffuser losses : this type of losses result from friction and absolute flow angle . • Vaned diffuser losses : vaned diffuser losses are based on conical diffuser skin friction of the vane . • High frequency vibration : this losses occurs due to the shock waves formation . • Recirculating losses : this losses occurs because of backflow into the impeller exit of a compressor and is a direct function of the air exit angle . • Wake-mixing losses : this losses is from impeller blades, and it causes awake in the vaneless space behind the rotor . • Overheating : because of the high tangential velocity at the gland box (Mechanical seals) as this would result in overheating. Compressor Main Losses: Compressed Air System

11. Assessment of a Centrifugal Compressor Compressed Air System

12. Energy Efficiency Opportunities • Rotor Losses • A rotor losses divided to following categories : • Shock in rotor losses : the inlet of rotor blades should be gradually expanded to sustain weak oblique shock wave , if the blades are blunt the bow shock wave will occurs and the losses will be higher . • incidence losses : occurs due to the off-design condition when the flow air enter to impeller at positive incidence angle causes reduction in flow because of instantaneous change of velocity at the blade in let comply with blade inlet angle. • Disc friction losses : this losses result from frictional torque on the back surface of the rotor sometimes called (external losses). • Diffusion blading losses : the losses develops because of negative velocity gradients in the boundary layer causes significant losses . • Clearance losses : occurs due to the temperature variation across the clearance . • Skin friction losses : this losses from shear forces on the impeller wall caused by turbulent friction . Compressed Air System

13. Energy Efficiency Opportunities Compressed Air System

14. Energy Efficiency Opportunities • 1. Air Intake • Keep intake air free from contaminants, dust or moist • Keep intake air temperature low • Every 4 oC rise in inlet air temperature = 1% higher energy consumption • Keep ambient temperature low when an intake air filter is located at the compressor Compressed Air System 2. Pressure Drops in Air Filter • Install filter in cool location or draw air from cool location • Keep pressure drop across intake air filter to a minimum Every 250 mm WC pressure drop = 2% higher energy consumption

15. Energy Efficiency Opportunities • 3. Pressure Settings • Higher pressure • More power by compressors • Lower volumetric efficiency • Operating above operating pressures • Waste of energy • Excessive wear Compressed Air System 4. Minimizing Losses • Installing the IGVs to decrease the relative mach number at inducer tip so that the formation of shock wave will decrease • Uniform impeller ,to obtaining good performance . • Using airfoil on blade to prevent boundary layer separation losses 5. Condensate Removal • Condensate formed as after-cooler reduces discharge air temperature • Install condensate separator trap to remove condensate

16. The End Losses in Single Stage Centrifugal Compressors THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Compressed Air System