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Understanding Newton's Laws: Inertia, Forces, and Gravitation

Explore Newton's Three Laws of Motion, Law of Inertia, Action-Reaction Principle, and Law of Universal Gravitation. Understand the concepts of mass, force, and acceleration in this comprehensive guide. Learn how celestial and terrestrial realms were viewed in the past and compare them to Newton's revolutionary laws. Dive into gravity questions and practical applications like weight, tension, and coefficient of friction. Master the fundamental principles that govern the motion of objects in our universe. 8 Relevant

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Understanding Newton's Laws: Inertia, Forces, and Gravitation

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  1. Newton’s Law Chapter 3

  2. Newton’s Laws • Newton’s First Law • Law of Inertia • Newton’s Second Law • F = ma • Newton’s Third Law • Action Reaction • Law of Universal Gravitation

  3. Mass • …is measured in kilograms. • …is the measure of the inertia of an object. • Inertia is the natural tendency of a body resist changes in motion.

  4. Force • …the agency of change. • …changes the velocity. • …is a vector quantity. • ...measured in Newton’s.

  5. Ancient View of the Cosmos • Universe is 2-D • All celestial objects attached to a sphere. • Celestial Sphere is close • Climb a high mountain and touch the sky • Celestial objects are self-luminous • Earth is the center of the universe • Objects move on perfectcircles

  6. Aristotelian UniverseTerrestrial Realm • Composition predicts motion natural tendencies Fire and Air tend to rise Earth and Water tend to sink • Overall tendency to seek rest • Objects following tendencies require no force • Objects are corruptible (changing)

  7. Aristotelian UniverseCelestial Realm • Celestial Objects composed of Aether Self luminous but does not consume • Motion is constant,circular • Objects are incorruptible (not changing) Meteors and comets were phenomena of the Earth’s atmosphere

  8. Newton’s First Law • Law of Inertia • “A body remains at rest or moves in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by a force.”

  9. Newton’s First Law • No mention of chemical composition • No mention of terrestrial or celestial realms • Force required when object changes motion • Acceleration is the observable consequence of forces acting

  10. Newton’s Second Law The Sum of theForcesacting on a body is proportional to the acceleration that the body experiences • F a • SF = (mass) a

  11. Net Force

  12. Newton’s Third Law • Action-Reaction • For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force

  13. The Law of Gravity • Every mass exerts a force of attraction on every other mass. • The math… • G = 6.67  10-11 N·m2/kg2

  14. Gravity Questions • Did the Moon exert a gravitational force on the Apollo astronauts? • What kind of objects can exert a gravitational force on other objects?

  15. Gravity Questions • The constant G is a rather small number. What kind of objects can exert strong gravitational forces? • If the distance between two objects in space is doubled, then what happens to the gravitational force between them?

  16. Weight • The weight of an object FW is the gravitational force acting downward on the object. • FW = m g

  17. Tension (Tensile Force) • Tension is the force in a string, chain or tendon that is applied tending to stretch it. • FT

  18. Normal Force • The normal force on an object that is being supported by a surface is the component of the supporting force that is perpendicular to the surface. • FN

  19. Coefficient of Friction • Kinetic Friction • Ff = mk FN • Static Friction • Ff ms FN • In most cases, mk < ms.

  20. On to problems...

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