Outline

1. Metabolism

2. Outline • 6.1 (p.102-103) Forms of Energy • Laws of Thermodynamics • 6.2 (p.104-105) Metabolic Reactions • ATP • 6.3 (106-111) Metabolic Pathways • Energy of Activation • Enzymes • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration

3. Forms of Energy • Kinetic: Mechanical; Energy of ________ • Potential: Chemical; ________ energy

4. Laws of Thermodynamics • First law: • Law of ___________________ • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be _________ from one form to another • Second law: • Law of __________ • When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a _____ of usable energy • Waste energy goes to increase _________

5. 6.2 Metabolic Reactions andEnergy Transformations • Metabolism: ________________________ • ________participate in reaction • ________form as result of reaction • __________is the amount of energy available to perform work • Exergonic Reactions - Products have ______free energy than reactants • Endergonic Reactions - Products have _____free energy than reactants

6. ATP and Coupled Reactions • Adenosine triphosphate(___) • High energy compound used to drive metabolic reactions • Constantly being generated from adenosine diphosphate(___) • ATP is composed of: • _______and ______(together = adenosine), and • _______ phosphate groups • Coupled reactions • Energy released by an ________ reaction captured in ATP • That ATP used to drive an _________ reaction

7. Work-Related Functionsof ATP • Primarily to perform cellular work • Chemical Work - Energy needed to __________________ • Transport Work - Energy needed to __________________ • Mechanical Work - Energy needed to __________________

8. 6.3 Metabolic Pathways • Reactions usually occur in a sequence • ________of an earlier reaction become _______ of a later reaction • Such linked reactions form a _______________ • Begins with a particular reactant, • Proceeds through several ____________, and • Terminates with a particular end product AB C D E FG “G” is EndProduct “A” is InitialReactant Intermediates

9. Enzymes • __________ molecules that function as catalysts • The reactants of an enzymatically accelerated reaction are called ___________ • Each enzyme accelerates a specific reaction • Each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a unique and specific ________ • End product will not appear unless _____ enzymes present and functional E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 A  B  C  D  E  F  G

10. Enzymes:Energy of Activation • Reactants often “reluctant” to participate in reaction • Energy must be __________ to at least one reactant to initiate the reaction • ___________________ • Enzyme Operation: • Enzymes operate by _______________________ • Accomplished by bringing the substrates into contact with _____________

11. Energy of Activation

12. Enzyme-Substrate Complex • The _________complexes with the substrates • Causes active site to change ______ • Shape change forces substrates together, initiating ______ • Induced fit model

13. Induced Fit Model

14. Degradation vs. Synthesis • Degradation: • Enzyme complexes with a ______ substrate molecule • Substrate is broken apart into ___ product molecules • Synthesis: • Enzyme complexes with ___ substrate molecules • Substrates are __________and released as single product molecule

15. Degradation vs. Synthesis

16. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (1) • Substrate concentration • Enzyme activity __________ with substrate concentration • ____________between substrate molecules and the enzyme • Temperature • Enzyme activity ________ with temperature • Warmer temperatures cause _______________ between enzyme and substrate • However, ____ temperatures destroy enzyme • pH • Most enzymes are optimized for a particular ___

17. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (2) • ______ can affect presence/absence of enzyme • ______ can affect concentration of enzyme • ______ can activate or deactivate enzyme • Enzyme Cofactors • Molecules required to _______________ • ________are organic cofactors, like some vitamins • Phosphorylation– some require _____________

18. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (3) • __________ enzyme inhibition • When a substance known as an _________binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity • ________ inhibition – substrate and the inhibitor are both able to bind to active site • ________ inhibition – the inhibitor binds not at the active site, but at the _________ site • __________ inhibition – The end product of a pathway inhibits the pathway’s first enzyme

19. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:Feedback Inhibition

20. Irreversible Inhibition • Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as _________ • _______inhibit enzymes resulting in all ATP production • _______inhibits an enzyme unique to certain bacteria • _______ irreversibly bind with many enzymes • _______irreversibly inhibits enzymes required by nervous system

21. Oxidation-Reduction • Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions: • ________ pass from one molecule to another • The molecule that loses an electron is ________ • The molecule that gains an electron is ________ • Both take place at same time • One molecule ______ the electron given up by the other

22. Photosynthesis andCellular Respiration Cellular Respiration: Carbon dioxide+water+chemical energy Glucose+oxygen   C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide+water+solar energy Glucose+oxygen  energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

23. Electron Transport Chain • Membrane-bound carrier proteins found in ________ • Physically arranged in an ordered series • Starts with high-energy electrons and low-energy ____ • Pass ________ from one carrier to another • Electron energy used to pump ________(H+) to one side of membrane • Establishes ___________across membrane • Electrical gradient used to make ___ from ___ – Chemiosmosis • Ends with low-energy _______ and high-energy ATP

24. A Metaphor for theElectron Transport Chain

25. Chemiosmosis