EMEP Emission Factors for Mineral Fertilizers in Germany: Research Perspective

1. Statement on the EMEP Emission Factors for Mineral Fertilizers from the Applied Research Perspective in Germany Helmut Döhler TFEIP A & N Panel Meeting Milan, 11th-12th Mai 2015 DöhlerAgrar

2. Table ofcontent DöhlerAgrar • 1. EMEP Guidebook 2013 andconsequencesforthe German Inventory • 2. Statement by H. Döhler in May 2014 • 3. German research in brief • - Theoreticalammonialoss potential fromurea • Previousappliedresearch • Recentwork • 4. Conclusions & Statement

3. Statement 13 05 2014 DöhlerAgrar

4. Calculated Ammonia Emissions from Mineral Fertilizers in Germany (EMEP 2009 /2013; Stat. Bundesamt) DöhlerAgrar

5. AmmoniaEmissions in Germany 2012 and 2013 (NIR 2015) DöhlerAgrar NH3 kt NEC Target Haenel et al. 2015

6. AmmoniaEmissions in Germany 2012 and 2013 (NIR 2015) DöhlerAgrar NH3 kt NEC Target Haenel et al. 2015

7. Specific ammonia emission potential of German soils (laboratory volatilisation model test) DöhlerAgrar Freising SKW Schuster 2014

8. NH3-Emissions fromsurfaceappliedmineralfertilizer (Urea and CAN) in Winter Wheat DöhlerAgrar N applied 100 kg N ha-1 Weihenstephan – 1988 – uL, pH 6,3 Wind tunnel method % fertilizer-N Ø- Temperature 10 – 24 °C 1 – 7 °C 3 – 13 °C 5 – 14 °C relative humidity 58 - 95 % 56 - 69 % 70 - 90 % Amberger 1990

9. Growth curvewinterwheat DöhlerAgrar Starkregen- risiko Timing of N application Amberger 1990 Wasserüberschuss zu Vegetationsbeginn

10. Urea prillsandgranulates DöhlerAgrar Prills Granulates

11. NH3-Emissions fromsurfaceappliedmineralfertilizer (Urea and CAN) in Winter Wheat DöhlerAgrar Timing of application not reasonable in practice, but demonstrating well loss potentials N applied 100 kg N ha-1 Weihenstephan – 1988 – uL, pH 6,3 Wind tunnel method Upper end of losses (overestimation by wind tunnel method) % fertilizer-N 50 % reduction by using 4mm granulates (Urea II) instead of 1-2 mm prills Releveant for the Inventory GB ? Ø- Temperature 10 – 24 °C 1 – 7 °C 3 – 13 °C 5 – 14 °C relative humidity 58 - 95 % 56 - 69 % 70 - 90 % Amberger 1990

12. NH3-Emissions fromsurfaceappliedmineralfertilizer in Winter Wheat DöhlerAgrar Weihenstephan – 1999 – uL, pH 6,3 dynamic chamber method Exp. Period 10 days N applied: 80 kg N ha-1 % of N applied Low losses below 5% , even under warm conditions. Rainfall reduces losses Application timing Ø- Temperature 7,7 7,7 13,3 19,1 12,4 Rainfall (mm) 1.-5. Tag 0 22,6 0,3 1,2 22,1 Gutser et al. 2004, Weber et al. (2000)

13. Ammonia losses from Urea N and effect of an urease inhibitor (UI) on ammonia losses DöhlerAgrar Ø Reduction ofNH3-Emissionen by adding UI around 40% Schraml & Schmidhalter 2009

14. Previous German research on ammonia losses from Mineral Fertilizers DöhlerAgrar

15. Ammonia losses following CAN and Urea application at various winter wheat growth stages on three sites (1) DöhlerAgrar NH3-Emissions [kg NH3/kg N] Ni et al. 2014, Kreuter et al. 2014

16. Ammonia losses following CAN and Urea application at various winter wheat growth stages on three sites (2) DöhlerAgrar Field trials; Winterwheat (180 - 220 kg Fertilizer N ha-1) Sites: Hohenschulen, Weihenstephan, Cunnersdorf - 2011, 2012, 2013 NH3-Emissions [kg NH3/kg N] Ni et al. 2014, Kreuter et al. 2014

17. Reduction of Ammonia losses from Urea (and CAN) by adding urease and nitrification inhibitors DöhlerAgrar NH3-Emissions [kg NH3/kg N] Ni et al. 2014, Kreuter et al. 2014

18. Conclusionsand Statement (1) DöhlerAgrar CAN, Urea and UAN arethemost relevant N fertilizers in Germany. Few but increasinglyinformationavailable on NH3lossesforthosefertilizers, almostnoinformation on others (NP, AS, AC, etc.)

19. Conclusionsand Statement (2) DöhlerAgrar 3. Previousandrecentappliedresearch on ammonialossesfrom Urea, CAN and UAN fertilizersclearlyshow: - N efficiencyandyields on the same level - Lossesfrom spring applied Urea fertilizersarelow (below 5 %) - CAN showsignificantlylowerlosses (50 – 90%), but also high losses at high temperatures - type of Urea granulates (prills/granul.) seemtoinfluencelosses. - Even at highertemperatures (late spring, earlysummer) lossesfromureaare not higherthan 20 % - NI and UI are relevant optionsforreducingurealosses 4. Sincesoils, climateconditionsandarablefarmingaresimilar, thosefindingsseemtobehihgly relevant also forothermid European countries.

20. Conclusionsand Statement (3) DöhlerAgrar • 5. German findingsdo not at all complywiththe EMEP Emission factors 2013 • 6. EMEP 2009 factorsseemtomuchbettermeetemissionsituationthan 2013 factors • 7. Review ofthe 2013 Emission factorsindicated ! (seestatement 2014) • Carefullyreviewofthestatisticalpopulation • Carefullylook at representativedata • howto deal withone/twoseasonresearch ? • Frequencies / abundanciesoffertilizingreasonablytakenintoaccount ? • Wurde die richtige Methode eingesetzt ? • Ist die fachliche Grundlage ausreichend • Haben bei der begrenzten Anzahl der Versuche die E Faktoren 2009 nicht besser gepasst • Wurde die Grundgesamtheit ausrecihend • Careful review of the statistical population • Future research - not anymore on losspotentials - focussing on fieldtrialsunderpracticalconditions • - jointproject on international levelwithcomparableandconsistentapproachesandtopics • 10. Revision of relevant Paragraphs in theInv. Guidebookindicated: • Critivcal

21. Conclusionsand Statement (4) DöhlerAgrar 8. Stakeholder meeting ? Nat. andinternat. Expert Group includingappliedresearch … 9. Future research - not anymore on losspotentials - focussing on fieldtrialsunderpracticalconditions - jointappliedresearch (agronomy/environmental) project on international levelwithcomparableandconsistentapproachesandtopics

22. Thank you for your attention ! Helmut Döhler Email: helmut.doehler@doehler-agrar.de DöhlerAgrar

23. Ammonia losses from Urea N and effect of an urease inhibitor (UI) on ammonia losses DöhlerAgrar low NH3 emission despite of high pH and high urease activity, but high CEC Schraml & Schmidhalter 2009