Biofuels: Driving the Future of Sustainable Transport

1. Biocombustíveis 01/12/2004 Suzana Kahn Ribeiro Professora Programa de Engenharia de Trasnportes PET/COPPE/UFRJ

2. BIOFUELS +16.5% 43% 58% ENERGY AND TRANSPORT - WORLD USE OF OIL PER SECTOR 1973 2000 (IEA 2002)

3. BIOFUELS ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – WORLD SHARE OF ENERGY DEMAND IN TRANSPORT (IEA 2002)

4. BIOFUELS 3.000 2.000 [GtEP] 1.4% aa 1.000 3.6% aa 0.000 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Economies in Transition Delloping Countries World OECD Developing countries Economies in Transition World Developed countries ENERGY AND TRANSPORT – ENERGY USE IN TRANSPORT PER REGION (WBCSD, 2004)

5. BIOFUELS PROJECTIONSOF THE EMISSIONS OF CARBON IN THE WORLD 23 billion tons of C 1998 13 % Ex-URSS and Oriental Europe 24% USA 25% Asia and Western Europe 38 % Countries in development 35 billion tons of C 2020 11 % Ex-URSS and Oriental Europe 21% USA 18% Asia and Western Europe (EPA, 2001) 50% Countries in development

6. BIOFUELS POSSIBLE TRANSPORT FUEL PATHWAY (WBCSD, 2004)

7. Sistema de Propulsão X Combustível (WBCSD, 2004 )

8. BIOFUELS BIOFUELS DEFINITION • Either in liquid form such as fuel ethanol or biodiesel, or gaseous form such as biogas or hydrogen, biofuels are simply transportation fuels derived from biological (e. g. agricultural) sources: • Cereals, grains, sugar crops and other biomass can fairly easily be fermented to produce ethanol; • Oil-seed crops (e. g. rapeseed, soybean and sunflower) can be converted into methyl esters - biodiesel; • Organic waste material can also be converted into energy forms which can be used asautomotive fuel: waste oil (e. g. frying oil) into biodiesel; animal manure and organic household wastes into biogas (e. g. methane); and agricultural and forestry waste products into ethanol.

9. BIOFUELS BIOFUELS WHAT IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS? ECONOMIC RESOURCES TECHNOLOGY CLIMATE LAND LABOR INFRASTRUCTURE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

10. BIOFUELS ETHANOL • Renewable fuel, that has the least contribution to the greenhouse effect; • Liquid of low toxicity and good popular acceptance; • Dominated technology; • Job generation in the field; • Use of available infrastructure of liquid fuels production and distribution; • Fuel that can be used pure (hydrous) or in mixtures with the gasoline(anhydrous); • Fuel for the new propulsion technologies.

11. BIOFUELS % PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY TYPE IN BRAZIL 1997 to 2003 Year Ethanol Growth of anhydrous ethanol... but with the Flex Fuels cars the consumption of hydrous ethanol is increasing .

12. BIOFUELS Share of Flex Fuel sales in 2004 Isto é dinheiro 28/ 07/ 2004

13. BIOFUELS FLEX FUEL CARS The recognition of the amount of alcohol and gasoline is made through an oxygen sensor. This information is sent to the unit of command in order to adapt all the functions (injection, ignition, detonation adjustment & control) to the mixture air / fuel for any proportion of alcohol and gasoline. 13/ 10/ 2004

14. BIOFUELS ADVANTAGES OF THE FLEX FUEL CAR • Fuel supply flexibility ( price and availability ) • Smaller cost when provisioning with alcohol • Flexibility of provisioning (price and readiness) • Consumption will depend on: • cost difference between gasoline and alcohol • autonomy need 13/ 10/ 2004

15. BIOFUELS SURVEY WITH USERS OF FLEX FUELS (Volkswagen) • Costumers survey (UNICA, out/02): • Image Flexfuel - excellent / flexibility • 67% would buy flexfuel • 63% would buy with the price up to 10% higher than gasoline car

16. BIOFUELS MODELSAND MARKET CURRENT PRICES 1 R$ = 2,97 U $

17. BIOFUELS PRICE : GASOLINE X ALCOHOL • Consumption of Hydrous Ethanol 30% larger => difference is compensated if price is  30% than of the gasoline From 19/09/2004 to 25/09/2004 (ANP, 2004)

18. BRASIL: 1997 - 2004 (UNICA, 2004 )

19. BIOFUELS FUELS MARKET TRENDS IN BRAZIL • 70% of the sale of the vehicles next 2 years will be of flex; • 2006: Tri-fuel (alcohol + gasoline + CNG); • Flex fuel cars will have acquired customer confidence; • Biodiesel entering market.

20. BIOFUELS BIODIESEL • The term biodiesel generally refers to an ester made by transesterification, a chemical process that reacts a feedstock oil or fat with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst; • The feedstock can be: vegetable oil, such as the derived from oil-seed crops (soy, sunflower, rapeseed, etc.), used frying oil or animal fats. • Products of the chemical reaction = biodiesel (a mixture of ethyl esters or fatty acid methyl esters) + glycerine; • Biodiesel has physical-chemical characteristics very similar to the diesel, which facilitates the use of it in Diesel cycle engines.

21. Cadeia de Obtenção do Biodiesel Óleo Subprodutos sólidos AGRICULTURA INDÚSTRIA DO ÁLCOOL Alcool EXTRAÇÃO DO ÓLEO INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA EXTRATIVISMO Óleo vegetal Catalizador (KOH) COLETA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL RESIDUAIS BASES DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO Biodiesel RESIDUAIS Óleo Residual Biodiesel(1) RESIDUAIS POSTOS DE SERVIÇOS Glicerina RESIDUAIS Biodiesel(1) INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA E FARMACEUTICA USO FINAL (1) Pure or mixture

22. BIOFUELS BIODIESEL - WORLD • Fonte: Elaboração própria

23. BIOFUELS World European Community USA BIODIESEL -WORLD 000 ton Year 13/ 10/ 2004

24. BIOFUELS BIODIESEL - WORLD European Community Germany USA 1.000.000 ton/ year France 2.200.000 ton/ year 126 000 ton/ year 500.000 ton/ year Italy Malasia 420.000 ton/ year 500.000 ton/ year Brasil Argentina Australia 40.000 ton/ year Producers of Biodiesel Commercial Producers

25. PANORAMA MUNDIAL Diretiva 2003/30/CE: 1) 2% até 2005 e 5,75% até 2010 de biocombustíveis (em conteúdo energético) na gasolina e óleo diesel para transportes ; 2) Garantia de oferta dos biocombustíveis, por meio de subsídios à produção e facilidade de comercialização (isenção de impostos); 3) É obrigatória a rotulagem para mistura maior que 5% em volume.

26. BIOFUELS Northeast Region Babassu /Soy/ Castor bean /Palm/ Cotton North Region Native and african palm trees (dendê)/ Soy/ Babassu/ Peanuts Center West and Center South Regions Soy/Castor bean/ Cotton/Sunflower Southeast Region Soy/ Castor bean/ Cotton/ Sunflower South Region Soy/ Rapeseed/ Cotton/ Sunflower

27. BIOFUELS BIODIESEL IN BRAZIL • Diversity of raw material and production processes enable a better use of regional resources as well as production flexibility • Raw material from both agriculture and extrativism contribute to better income and demographic distribution among the several Brazilian regions • The use of residual raw material reduces environmental load in large cities • Large national ethanol production • Land availability

28. BIOFUELS BIOFUELS ADVANTAGES The biofuels many advantages include: • Diversifying and improving access to clean energy sources; • Balancing the use of fossil fuels and thus saving them for other applications and for future use; • Reducing pollution and emissions from conventional energy systems; • Job generation.

29. BIOFUELS BIOFUELS - CONCLUSIONS • A single alternative will not be enough to meet the increasing demand for fuels, and biofuels itself isn’t the ultimate solution. • Biofuels could play a crucial role as a complementary fuel for conventional ones, since it requires vast plantation land. • In a long term scenario one can say that biofuels could help the world meet its demands for fuels until higher technological solution, as hydrogen, comes up.