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Engineering Measurements of Particles Volumetric measure Units: mL/L Settleable solids

This article discusses various methods and units for measuring particles in water, including volumetric and gravimetric measures, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, and chemical analysis. It also covers the measurement of molar and mass concentrations of dissolved constituents, as well as the assessment of volatile organic and inorganic solids. Other techniques such as total organic carbon (TOC) analysis and electroconductivity (EC) are also explained.

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Engineering Measurements of Particles Volumetric measure Units: mL/L Settleable solids

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  1. Engineering Measurements of Particles Volumetric measure • Units: mL/L • Settleable solids • 30 minutes settling in Imhoff cone • Large particles

  2. Gravimetric measures • mass concentration = mass per volume of suspension • mg/L = ppm by mass (approx) • Total solids • Mass of everything except the water • Evaporate the water off; weigh the residual

  3. Total suspended solids (TSS) • Filter sample • 0.45 to 1 m glass fiber filter • Dry at 105C Tchobanoglous and Schroeder, Water Quality

  4. Tchobanoglous and Schroeder, Water Quality

  5. TSS caught on filter TDS passes through • Total dissolved solids (TDS) • What gets through the filter • TS = TSS + TDS • Not truly dissolved -- includes colloids

  6. Color Photocell Turbidity Light scattering • Turbidity • Light scattering at 90 degree angle • Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)

  7. Secchi disk clarity • Assesses light penetration in water • Drop a standard disk into water until it disappears • Reported as “feet” (e.g., Lake Tahoe exhibits about 65 ft of clarity)

  8. Chemical Measures • Units for dissolved constituents • Molar concentration = moles per unit volume • Mass concentrations = mg/L or g/L • Units for particles • Mass concentrations = mg/L • Many constituent-specific methods • Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater • EPA Methods

  9. Organics burn off (volatilize) Fixed (inorganic) solids remain • Inorganic vs. Organic • Volatile Solids (VS) • Burn off organics at 550C VS = TS - FS • Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) • Same thing except we burn the filter VSS = TSS – FSS

  10. CO2 detector Sample Oxidizers (ozone, UV light, hydrogen peroxide, etc. • Total Organic Carbon (TOC) • Chemically oxidize organics to CO2 • Infrared detector reads the CO2 • Works for: • Dissolved • Small particles

  11. TDS EC • Electroconductivity • Conductivity of solution is proportional to the number of ions • Correlates with TDS

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