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Forensic Anthropology

Forensic Anthropology. Bones of the Leg. Comprised of 4 bones Femur Tibia Fibula Patella. Useful for age/growth Sex determination stature determination. Skeletal anatomy of the leg. THE FEMUR. Largest, heaviest bone of the body Ball shaped head

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Forensic Anthropology

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  1. Forensic Anthropology Bones of the Leg

  2. Comprised of 4 bones Femur Tibia Fibula Patella Useful for age/growth Sex determination stature determination Skeletal anatomy of the leg

  3. THE FEMUR • Largest, heaviest bone of the body • Ball shaped head • Articulates with innominate, tibia (does NOT form a straight line with tibia in anatomical position), patella • Shaft has circular cross section

  4. Proximally Head Fovea capitus Anatomical neck Greater and lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Linea aspera Distally Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar articular surface THE FEMUR – what to know

  5. THE FEMUR – L from R • Orient head medially, greater trochanter • Intercondylar fossa posterior • Larger condyle is medial

  6. The tibia - description • Second largest bone in the body • Hinge joint – greatest weight bearing • Articulations: • Proximal – femur at horizontal platform AND fibula • Distal – fibula AND talus • Note there is NO articulation with the patella • Shape = triangular shaft • Sharpest angle anterior • Malleolus at distal end

  7. Proximal end: Intercondylar eminence Medial condyle Lateral condyle Tibial tuberosity Fibular facet of tibia Popliteal line Interosseous crest Anterior crest Distal end: Fibular notch of tibia Articular surface for talus Medial malleolus The tibia – What to know

  8. Tibia – Right from left • Orient plateau superiorly • Make sure tibial tuberosity is anterior • Medial malleolus is medial • Interosseous crest points toward fibula

  9. Growth and the humerus • Fusion ages • ♀14-16/ ♂15-18 distal epiphysis • ♀13-17/ ♂15-19 proximal epiphysis Also age related changes in bone density associated with elderly

  10. The fibula - description • Lateral to the tibia, most slender long bone • Makes up the ‘outside’ of the ankle

  11. The fibula • Shaft – triangular X-section • Flat head at top • Distal end composed largely of lateral malleolus • Articulations • Proximal – with tibia at fibular facet just below lateral condyle • Distal – passes through fibular notch of tibia to articulate with talus

  12. Proximal End: Head Styloid process Facet for tibia Interosseous crest Distal End: Lateral malleolus Malleolar facet for talus Malleolar fossa The fibula – What to know

  13. fibula – Right from left • Orient head superior • Lateral malleolus is lateral, tip points posteriorly (when looking at lateral side) • Styloid process and interosseous crest

  14. Bones of the hand Carpal bones 1. scaphoid 2. lunate 3. triquetrum 4. pisiform 5. trapezium 6. trapezoid 7. capitate 8. hamate Metacarpal bones 9. I 10. II 11. III 12. IV 13. V Phalanges proximal 14 middle 15 distal 16

  15. Sorting metatarsals • Longer, thinner, and more curved than MC • MT1: thickest • MT2: Longest, slight process • Triangular with off-set lateral facet • MT3: triangular with continuous lateral facet • MT4: base rectangular • MT5: long, lateral process

  16. Bones of the Foot 1. Calcaneus2. Talus3. Navicular4. Medial cuneiform5. Intermediate cuneiform6. Lateral cuneiform7. Cuboid8. First metatarsal9. Second metatarsal10. Third metatarsal 11. Fourth metatarsal 12. Fifth metatarsal13. Proximal phalanx of great toe14. Distal phalanx of great toe15. Proximal phalanx of second toe16. Middle phalanx of second toe17. Distal phalanx of second toe

  17. Sorting metacarpals • MC1: shortest, thickest • MC2: longest, 2 processes at base • M2 – M5 decrease in size successively • MC3: 1 processes at base • MC4: no processes, facets on both sides of base • MC5: short, no processes, facet on only 1 side of base

  18. Manual vs pedal phalanges • Manual phalanges are longer • Flattened in the middle (oval cross-section) • Narrower top to bottom • Pedal phalanges are ‘slim-waisted’ in the middle • Circular cross-section • Narrower side to side

  19. Sorting phalanges • Proximal phalanges: cup-shaped proximal end (art. w/ MC head) • Medial phalanges: double-faceted proximal end • Distal phalanges: flat, ‘fingernail shaped’ distal end

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