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Protein Synthesis & Mutations

Protein Synthesis & Mutations. All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com. Scientists. Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?. Watson & Crick. Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?. Rosalind Franklin.

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Protein Synthesis & Mutations

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  1. Protein Synthesis & Mutations All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

  2. Scientists

  3. Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?

  4. Watson & Crick

  5. Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?

  6. Rosalind Franklin

  7. Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria?

  8. Avery Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

  9. Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA? Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell

  10. Hershey & ChaseBacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

  11. Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he found TRANSFORMATION. This scientist injected mice with killed disease causing bacteria and good, live bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

  12. GriffithF for failing to find genetic material!F for finding: TRANSFORMATION Change from one thing to another with transfer of genetic material.

  13. Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine What is this rule called?

  14. CHARGAFF The RULE OF BASE PAIRING!

  15. DNA Structure

  16. Empty Slide

  17. What does DNA stand for ?What is its shape?What is its function?What sugar is in DNA?Where is it found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

  18. DeoxyriboNucleic AcidDouble HelixCarries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)Deoxyribose sugarEukaryotes=nucleusProkaryotes=cytoplasm

  19. What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?

  20. Chromosomes

  21. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

  22. Phosphate Group 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

  23. Why is DNA Replication important?

  24. Replication =make a copy Important to have 2 identical DNA strands for cell division

  25. List the steps of DNA replication:

  26. Original double helix unzips/unwinds DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA 2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G) Two new double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand

  27. An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen basesC G G T A T G A CWhat are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?What holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

  28. C G G T A T G A C original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T G new strand Hydrogen Bonds

  29. What is this protein called that DNA wraps around to coil up?

  30. Histone

  31. List Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Thymine Uracil Double Helix Single Strand

  32. List Similarities and Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double Helix Single Strand

  33. RNA

  34. Empty Slide

  35. Name the 3 different types of RNA and what do each do.

  36. mRNA- brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA-brings amino acids to ribosomes (Sous chef)rRNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

  37. What does RNA stand for ?How many different kinds are there?What is its function?What sugar is in RNA?Where is RNA found?

  38. What does RNA stand for ?Ribonucleic AcidHow many different kinds are there?3: mRNA, tRNA, rRNAWhat is RNA’s function?To make proteinsWhat sugar is in RNA?Ribose sugarWhere is RNA found?In the cytoplasm mtRNA rRNA mmRNA

  39. What is the process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

  40. What is the process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called? PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

  41. List the steps to make mRNA What is this process called?

  42. List the steps to make mRNA “TRANSCRIPTION” In the nucleus, DNA unzips RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

  43. List the steps to make polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA What is this process called?

  44. List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain = PROTEIN Polypeptide Chain = PROTEIN Amino Acid tRNA mRNA rRNA ribosome

  45. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

  46. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called? Codon

  47. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

  48. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called? Anti-codon

  49. How many amino acids are there? How many different codons code for those amino acids?

  50. How many amino acidsare there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64 Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid

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