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Economic Modelling. Lecture 1 Introduction to Economic Modelling Outline of the Syllabus Basic skills required for the Module. Economics Modelling (26214) Lectures and Tutorial Meetings and Office Hours. Lectures Day Time Room
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Economic Modelling Lecture 1 Introduction to Economic Modelling Outline of the Syllabus Basic skills required for the Module @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Economics Modelling (26214)Lectures and Tutorial Meetings and Office Hours Lectures Day Time Room Monday 2:15 WI-S 25 Tuesday 4: 15 Loten- LRD Wednesday 12:15 Larkin-LTA Tutorials Day Time Room Tuesday 3:15 WI-S10 Thursday 9:15 WI-S 26 Office hours: Monday 12:05 - 2:05 369 Wilberforce Tuesday 1:05 - 3:05 369 Wilberforce Midterm Exam Thursday March 4, 2004 Essay Due Thursday April 1 2004 by 4 PM (hand in at School Office) Reading Week Starts February 23rd. @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
What is an Economic Model? • An abstract map of an economy • Way of systematic thinking on • how the value of one variable determines the value of another variable. • How one set of variables determine another set of variables • Language that economists speak A Model contains • endogenous variables • exogenous variables • Parameters • Assumptions • Solutions Representation of model: Diagrams and equations • linear or non-linear, single or multiple equations, • static or dynamic or strategic • Theoretical (abstract) or applied Used of Model : analysis of behaviour, facts or evaluation of a policy @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Major Economic Questions • Why levels and rate of growth of income are different over time and in different countries? • What determines aggregate demand and aggregate supply in an economy in the short run? • How do households and firms make their consumption and investment decisions? • How can fiscal and monetary policy measures taken by the government affect decision of households and firms in an economy? • What causes fluctuations in income, employment, prices, revenue and spending of government, imports and exports in economy? • What kind of models can explain making of economic policy for higher rate of growth and for stability of an economy? • What is the link between home and foreign economies? How to be most competitive and efficient in allocating scarce resources in an economy? @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Quarterly GDP in the UK: ONS(NAVIDATA) @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Variation in Growth Rates Across Economies Graphics Using Givewin (Doornik and Hendry (2001)) and Data from the World Bank CD (start/applications/Economics) @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Module Contents Analysis of Economic growth Analysis of Macroeconomic Fluctuation • Analysis of Macroeconomic Fluctuations using the IS-LM, AS-AD Models • Unemployment and Inflation Fiscal and Monetary policy for internal and external stability Role of Financial Market in the Economy Exchange rate and Balance of Payment Micro-foundation on Consumption and Investment and general equilibrium impacts of taxes Policy game @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Module Requirements • Activities: 22 Lectures; 10 Tutorials Small in-class mock tests and quizzes Assessment • Course Work counts 50 percent of the module marks In class Mid-term exam counts 25 percent will be held on Thursday March 4, 2004 Term paper counts 25 percent Due Thursday April 1, 2004 • Final Exam counts 50 percent (After Easter between April 26 -May 10) • Reassessment by two hours’ written exam @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
An Overview of Decision Makers and Players in an Economy Households Consumers Rest of the World (ROW) – Trading Partners Multilateral Organisation Banks – Central Bank Commercial Banks Stock Market Financial Institutions Economy: The Big Market (prices and quantities) Treasury – Allocation of Public Funds Trade Unions Employer Unions Firms – Investors Producers Revenue – Tax Collector • Merchants and Traders • Wholesalers • Retailers @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Micro-Foundation to Macro Variables General Equilibrium with a representative household and firm Market p and w such that Y = C LD = LS LS +l = L Wage payment, wL Labour supply, L Economy (p, w, y, c, l, L) Households (consumers) Max U(C,L) Firms (producers) Max π(LS) Payments for goods, p.y Supply of Goods @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
X-Z Depreciation Indirect G taxes I GDP NDP Personal Personal National income disposable C income income GDP, GNP, National and Disposable Incomes @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Keynesian Static Model of National Income Y = C + I + G ; C = a0 + a1(Y-T) Endogenous variables Y, C and Exogenous variables G, I Parameters: a0 and a1. C =200 + 0.8*(Y-T) ; T =20; G=20; I =30 Solving the model: Y = (a0 - a1T+I+G)/(1-a1) Y =200 +0.8*(Y-T) +I +G Y-0.8Y = 200 -0.8*(20) +30+20 0.2 Y =200-16 +50 Y =234/0.2 = 5*(234) = 1170 C = 200+0.8*(1170-20) = 1120 Checking the validity of the solution: Y =1170 =1120+20+30 = C + I + G MULTIPLIER = (1/(1-0.8))=5 @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Keynesian Dynamic Model of National Income Yt= Ct + It + Gt Current consumption depends on past income Ct =200 + 0.8*(Yt-1 -Tt-1) Tt-1 =20; Gt =20; It =30; Yt-1 = 500 Yt =200 +0.8*(500-20) +30 +20 Yt = 200 +384 +30+20 Yt =200+384 +50 = 634 Assume Tt, It , Gt remain same for all years Yt+1 = 200 +0.8*(634-20) +30 +20 = 741 Solve this model for another 20 years. @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Macroeconomic Policy • Fiscal Policy taxes expenditure debt • Monetary Policy interest rate/ M-supply exchange rate/trade stock market • Growth/supply side @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Minimum Mathematical Skills Required in this Module • Diagrams to represent one or two equations • Basic Algebra: Addition, Subtraction, multiplication and division with calculator and excel • Solution of Simultaneous equations • Graphs and Charts in excel and Givewin • Six rules of approximation • Five rules of log • Four rules of differential • Power rule in algebraic expressions • Calculations using spreadsheets • Modelling Strategic moves (about the end of the term) • Normal, Extensive form of a GAME • Dominant Strategy and Nash equilibrium • Dynamic Game: Subgame perfect equilibrium @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Six rules of approximation for small numbers I. Log II. Product III. Division IV. Growth of a product V. Growth of a Ratio VI. Sum of a geometric Series @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Five Rules of log I. Power Rule II. Product Rule III. Quotient Rule IV. Log of Exponentials V. Differentiation of log with respect to time @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Four Rules of Differentiation I. Power Rule II. Product Rule III. Quotient Rule IV. Chain Rule @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Core and Recommended Text • Core Texts Blanchard, Oliver (2003) Macroeconomics, Third Edition, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-033772-2; http://www.prenhall.com/blanchard Other Good texts: • Gartner Manfred, Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall. • Mankiw, G. N.(2003) Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition, Worth Publishers, New York. • Miles David and Andrew Scott (MS) Macroeconomics: Understanding the Wealth of Nations, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2002. ISBN 0-47084288-1. • Romp Graham (1997) Game Theory, Oxford University Press. Chapters 1-10. @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull
Your Comments and Suggestions What is appealing to you? What is not appealing or difficult for you? @K.R.Bhattarai, Business School, University of Hull