Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder • a condition in which behavior is judged: • atypical- not enough in itself • disturbing- varies with time & culture • maladaptive- harmful • unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good reason

3. Historical Perspective • Perceived Causes • movements of sun or moon • lunacy- full moon • evil spirits • Ancient Treatments • exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

4. Psychological Disorders • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

5. Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder) Psychological Disorders • Bio-psycho-social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

6. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

7. Psychological Disorders- Etiology • Neurotic disorder(term seldom used now) • usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety • Psychotic disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

8. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • client is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

9. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of people surveyed Snakes Being in high, exposed places Mice Flying on an airplane Being closed in, in a small place Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning Being alone In a house at night Dogs Driving a car Being In a crowd of people Cats Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears

10. Anxiety Disorders • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

11. Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework Anxiety Disorders

12. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Amnesia • selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress

13. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Fugue • flight from one’s home and identity accompanies amnesia • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder

14. Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders • characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

15. Mood Disorders • Mania • a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state • Bipolar Disorder • a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania • formerly called manic-depressive disorder

16. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Suicides per 100,000 people The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Females Males Mood Disorders- Suicide

17. In recent decades teen suicides have soared Suicide rate per 100,000 people 12 8 4 0 1960 1993 Ages 15-19 All Ages Mood Disorders-Suicide

18. Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Mood Disorders-Depression

19. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

20. Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood

21. 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

22. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

23. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

24. Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types Schizophrenia

25. 40 30 20 10 0 Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin Schizophrenia

26. Personality Disorders • Personality Disorders • disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

27. Personality Disorders • Antisocial Personality Disorder • disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

28. Those with criminal convictions have lower levels of arousal 15 10 5 0 Adrenaline Excretion(ng/min.) Nonstressful situation Stressful situation No criminal conviction Criminal conviction Personality Disorders

29. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Percentage of criminal offenders Total crime Thievery Violence Both poverty and obstetrical complications Childhood poverty Obstetrical complications Personality Disorders

30. Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders EthnicityGender Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6 Rates of Psychological Disorders