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Splash Screen. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Intro 1. Key Events. As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the history of early regional civilizations. Muhammad and his followers spread the beliefs and practices of Islam.

mohammad-gamble
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Splash Screen

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  1. Splash Screen

  2. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Intro 1

  3. Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events in the history of early regional civilizations. Muhammad and his followers spread the beliefs and practices of Islam. The development of trade throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe led to the exchange of goods and cultural ideas. In the 1100s, European monarchs began to build strong states. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Intro 2

  4. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. More than 1 billion people around the world are Muslims who follow the teachings of the Quran, and Islam is one of the world's leading faiths. The expansion of trade continues to create a global society, allowing people to exchange goods, services, and ideas throughout the world. The codification of Roman law, the emergence of common law, and the signing of the Magna Carta continue to influence our American legal system. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Intro 3

  5. Chapter Objectives: After studying this chapter, you should be able to: identify how Arab, African, and Asian empires spread. list the basic tenets of Islam. list the accomplishments of the early African kingdoms. explain the influence of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Confucianism on the development of Asian civilizations. summarize feudalism. examine the unique civilization of the Byzantine Empire in the eastern Mediterranean. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Intro 4

  6. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 1-5

  7. The Arabs The Arabs were a nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who lived in the Arabian Peninsula,aharshdesertwithlittlewater. Early Arabs herded sheep and farmed on the oases of the Arabian Peninsula. Caravan trade expanded into Arab regions, (pages 89–90) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

  8. The Arabs (cont.) • The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, -who were believed to have built a shrine at Makkah (Mecca) The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah (Arabic for “God”) but also believed in other tribal gods. (pages 89–90) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

  9. The Life of Muhammad Muhammad was born into a merchant family in Makkah. • Muslims believe that Muhammad received revelations from God while meditating in the hills. • Muhammad believed that Allah had revealed himself partially through Moses (Judaism) and Jesus (Christianity) -Allah’s final revelations were to him. (page 90) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-10

  10. The Teachings of Muhammad Islam is monotheistic. -Allah is the all-powerful creator of everything. -Islam offers salvation and the hope of an afterlife to its followers. -Muhammad is not considered divine, but he is a prophet who conveys Allah’s final revelations. (pages 90–91) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

  11. The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.) • Five Pillars of Islam: • belief–there is no deity but the One God, and Muhammad is his messenger; • prayer–perform prescribed prayers five times a day; • charity–give part of one’s wealth to the poor; • fasting–refrain from food and drink from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan; • pilgrimage–make a pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in a lifetime. (pages 90–91) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

  12. The Arab Empire The Mongols were a pastoral people who came out of the Gobi in the early thirteenth century and took control of much of the known world. Led Genghis Khan, Mongol armies spread across central Asia. In 1258, the Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-29

  13. Successors of the Arab Empire (cont.) Mongol rulers eventually converted to Islam and intermarried with local peoples. They also began to rebuild some cities. Cairo became the center of Islamic civilization. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-30

  14. EconomyandSocialStructure Muslims live in accordance with Allah’s teachings revealed in the Quran–humans should live as Allah has decreed. Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah. However, such was not always the case in the Arab Empire. For example, the empire had a well-defined upper class of ruling families, wealthy merchants, and other elites. (page 94) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-34

  15. EconomyandSocialStructure(cont.) The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men. They could profit from their work and could own and inherit property. Islamic teachings, however, did account for differences between men and women in the family and social order. Men were dominant in society. (page 94) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-35

  16. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture Arab scholars translated into Arabic–works by Plato and Aristotle The Arabic translations were translated into Latin in the twelfth century and thus became available to Western scholars. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-37

  17. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture (cont.) When the Arabic translations came to Europe, they were accompanied by commentaries by Arab philosophers.  One of the most important Arabic scholars was Ibn-Rushd, who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle’s works. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-38

  18. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture (cont.) Islamic scholars also made contributions to mathematics and the natural sciences. -they adopted India’s numerical system, which included the use of the zero. -It became known in Europe as the “Arabic” system. -Baghdad had an observatory where scientists studied and named many stars. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-39

  19. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture (cont.) • Muslims also perfected the astrolabe, -used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of stars and planets. -This instrument enabled Europeans to sail to the Americas. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-40

  20. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture (cont.) Muslims also developed medicine as a field of study.  • Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia that stressed the contagious nature of certain diseases. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-41

  21. The Brilliance of Islamic Culture (cont.) Islamic art blends the Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions. Its highest expression is found in the mosques, which represent Islam’s spirit. (pages 94–95) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-42

  22. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 2-5

  23. The Emergence of Civilization Africa is the second largest continent. It stretches for almost five thousand miles and is surrounded by two seas and two oceans.  Africa has four distinct climate zones: a mild zone across the northern coast and the southern tip; deserts in the north (the Sahara) and the south (Kalahari); the rain forest along the Equator; and savannas (broad grasslands) that stretch across Africa both north and south of the rain forest.  The four different climate zones have affected the way Africans live. (pages 97–98) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

  24. The Emergence of Civilization (cont.) Farming gave rise to the first civilizations in Africa: Egypt, Kush, and Axum. Around 1000 B.C., Nubia freed itself from Egyptian control and became the independent state of Kush.  Kush was a trading state that flourished from 250 B.C. to A.D. 150.  Kush declined when Axum, located in the Ethiopian highlands, developed into a new power.  Axum was founded by Arabs. Eventually the state combined Arab and African cultures. (pages 97–98) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

  25. The Emergence of Civilization (cont.) One of Axum’s most distinctive features was its religion. King Ezana converted to Christianity in about A.D. 330 and made it the official religion of Axum.  Islam also impacted Africa.  By the early eighth century, the coastal region of North Africa was under Arab rule.  Several Muslim trading states had been established on the African coast of the Red Sea. (pages 97–98) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

  26. The Royal Kingdoms of West Africa Ghana, in the upper Niger River valley, emerged as early as A.D. 500 as one of the first great trading states of West Africa. The kings of Ghana were wealthy and relied on a well-trained army to enforce their wishes.  Ghana had an abundance of gold, making it the center of an enormous trade empire. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

  27. The Royal Kingdoms of West Africa (cont.) In exchange for gold, Muslim merchants from North Africa brought textiles, metal goods, horses, and salt.  Salt, used for preserving food, was also very important for replacing salt lost from the body due to the hot climate.  Berbers, a nomadic people, used camel caravans to carry out much of the trade across the desert.  Camels were well adapted to desert conditions. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

  28. The Royal Kingdoms of West Africa (cont.) The kingdom of Ghana, weakened by wars, collapsed during the 1100s. One of the greatest of the trading states that arose in its place was Mali, established by Sundiata Keita in the mid-thirteenth century.  Sundiata captured the Ghanaian capital in 1240.  He united the people of Mali and created a strong government.  The wealth and power of Mali was based on the gold and salt trade; however, most people in Mali were grain farmers. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

  29. The Royal Kingdoms of West Africa (cont.) Mansa Musa, who ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337, was a rich and powerful king. He doubled the size of the kingdom and created a strong central government.  His pilgrimage to Makkah was accompanied by thousand of servants, soldiers, and camels.  Later he encouraged the building of mosques and the study of the Quran in his kingdom. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

  30. The Royal Kingdoms of West Africa (cont.) Songhai began to surpass Mali in the fifteenth century. Sunni Ali expanded the empire by leading his army on successive military campaigns.  This led to control of the gold and salt trade.  Under Muhammad Ture, the Songhai Empire reached the height of its power.  Its chief cities prospered from the salt and gold trade until the end of the 1500s. (pages 98–100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-15

  31. Societies in East and South Africa Islam influenced many of the small states and societies in eastern Africa. Beginning in the first millennium B.C., farming people who spoke dialects of the Bantu language moved into East Africa and the Congo River basin.  They came not as conquerors, but as small communities. (page 100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

  32. Societies in East and South Africa (cont.) The Bantu people began to take part in the regional trade up and down the East African coast. The result was the development of trading posts including Mogadishu, Mombasa, and Kilwa.  States formed more slowly in southern Africa.  Zimbabwe was the wealthiest and most powerful state from 1300 to 1450.  It prospered from the gold trade. (page 100) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

  33. Societies in East and South Africa (cont.) Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe’s capital, was surrounded by massive walls built with granite blocks held together without mortar. (page 100) Section 2-19

  34. African Society and Culture The relationship between African kings and their subjects was not as rigid as in other civilizations. The king was held in high esteem, but he often met with subjects who had complaints.  Most people lived in small villages.  Their sense of identity was determined by their membership in an extended family and a lineage group.  Lineagegroups–communities of extended family units–were the basis of African society. (page 101) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-21

  35. African Society and Culture (cont.) While religious beliefs varied from place to place, most African societies shared some common ideas, such as belief in various gods, the power of diviners to foretell events, and the importance of ancestors. In Africa, as elsewhere, art had religious significance.  In the 1200s and 1300s, metalworkers at Ife (now southern Nigeria) produced handsome bronze and iron statues.  They may have influenced Benin artists in West Africa who produced impressive bronze heads of kings and figures of animals. (page 101) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 2-22

  36. End of Section 2

  37. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 3-5

  38. China Reunified China fell into chaos after the Han Dynasty ended in 220. -After three hundred years of civil war, the short-lived Sui dynasty was set up in 581. -This dynasty was able to unify China under the emperor’s authority. (pages 103–105) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

  39. China Reunified (cont.) The Tang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907.  -Tang rulers brought peace to northwestern China and expanded their control to the borders of Tibet. • Technological developments added new products. • One of these was gunpowder, which was used to make explosives and the fire-lance. • The renewed Silk Road thrived. • However, the vast majority of the Chinese people still lived off the land in villages. Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

  40. The Mongol Empire The Mongols came from Mongolia, north of China. They were a pastoral people organized by clans. In 1206, Genghis Khan was elected (“universal ruler”) at a massive meetingin the Gobi. He devoted himself to conquest, creating the largest land empire in history. (pages 105–107) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

  41. The Mongol Empire (cont.) In 1279, Kublai Khan (a grandson of Genghis Khan) completed the conquest -He established the Yuan dynasty in China. -He ruled China from his capital at Khanbaliq (“the city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing, until his death in 1294. • Under Kublai Khan, Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Japan. • Only Vietnam was conquered. (pages 105–107) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

  42. The Mongol Empire (cont.) Landscape painting reached its height during the Mongol dynasties. The poems celebrated the beauty of nature, the changes of the seasons, and the joys of friendship. (pages 105–107) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

  43. The Rise of the Japanese State One reason for the difference in Chinese and Japanese history is the difference in their geography. What are some of those differences? China is on a large continent. Japan is a chain of many islands. (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

  44. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) In the 7th century, to keep out the Chinese Shotoku Taishi, of the Yamato clan, attempted to unify the various Japanese clans. He wanted to limit the power of the aristocrats and portrayed the ruler as divine and as a symbol of the Japanese nation. Despite this, aristocrats still ruled the nation (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-22

  45. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) A class of military servants called samurai (“those who serve”) developed to protect the security and prosperity of the aristocrats. The samurai lived by a strict warrior code known as Bushido (“the way of the warrior”), (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

  46. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) • A nobleman named Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals to set up a centralized state under the rule of a military leader known as the shogun (general). -This form of government was called the shogunate. -The real power was in the hands of the shogun, not the emperor. -The Kamakura shogunate, founded by Yoritomo, lasted from1192to1333. (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-26

  47. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) In 1281, Kublai Khan sent warriors to invade Japan but a typhoon destroyed his fleet -Japan would not be invaded again until 1945. (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-27

  48. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) The power of local aristocrats continued to grow in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Heads of noble families called daimyo (“great names”) controlled large estates that were tax exempt. By 1500, Japan was nearly in chaos. A civil war, from 1467 to 1477, led to the virtual destruction of Kyoto, and central authority disappeared. (pages 107–108) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-28

  49. Life and Culture in Early Japan Early Japan was largely a farming society. Due to abundant rainfall, many farmers grew wet rice (rice grown in flooded fields). Trade and manufacturing developed during the Kamakura period. Paper, iron casting, and porcelain industries emerged. Trade with Korea and China developed during the eleventh century. (pages 108–109) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-31

  50. Life and Culture in Early Japan (cont.) The Japanese worshiped nature spirits called kami. They also believed the spirits of their ancestors were present around them. These beliefs evolved into the state religion known as Shinto (“the Sacred Way” or “The Way of the Gods”), which is still practiced today. (pages 108–109) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-32

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