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MEMORY, COGNITION, & LANGUAGE. CHAPTER SIX. MEMORY. PART 1. Memory. The process by which we encode, store,& retrieve information. Sensory Memory. The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. Short-Term Memory. Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds.
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MEMORY, COGNITION, & LANGUAGE CHAPTER SIX
MEMORY PART 1
Memory • The process by which we encode, store,& retrieve information
Sensory Memory • The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
Short-Term Memory • Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds
Long-Term Memory • Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
Chunk • A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory
Rehearsal • The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory
Declarative Memory • Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like.
Procedural Memory • Memory for skills & habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball
Semantic Memory • Memory for general knowledge & facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts
Episodic Memory • Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
RECALL & FORGETTING PART 1.5
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon • The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows. A result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory
Recall • Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved.
Recognition • Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus & asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives
THINK? • Name the 7 dwarfs.
Levels-of-Processing Theory • The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
Explicit Memory • Intentional or conscious recollection of information
Implicit Memory • Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance & behavior
Flashbulb Memories • Memories centered on a specific important, or surprising events that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event
IF I SAID: • Kennedy Assassination • 9/11 • Bid Laden is Dead
Constructive Processes • Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events
Autobiographical Memories • Our recollections of circumstances & episodes from our own lives
Decay/Forgetting • The loss of information in memory through its nonuse
Interference • The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue-Dependent Forgetting • Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
Proactive Interference • Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
Retroactive Interference • Interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material