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Toussaint Louverture Latin Revolutions. Saint Dominique. Hispaniola was colonized by the French and the colony was named Saint Dominique Main source of profit was sugar cane Used African slaves to harvest the sugar cane Very labor intensive crop. Treatment of Slaves.
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Saint Dominique • Hispaniola was colonized by the French and the colony was named Saint Dominique • Main source of profit was sugar cane • Used African slaves to harvest the sugar cane • Very labor intensive crop
Treatment of Slaves • White planters were outnumbered by slaves 10 to 1 • Used violence to control the slaves and prevent rebellion • Common practices of violence were whipping, burning, and castration • Escaped slaves lived in the jungles and survived off of stealing from plantations • Constant importation of new slaves from Africa because of the high death rate
Saint Dominique in 1789 • Colony was producing 60% of the world’s coffee and 40% of the world’s sugar • Word of the French Revolution reached St. Dominique in 1789 • Planters supported the revolution and wanted St. Dominique to be more independent of French rule • Slaves supported King Louis because they were afraid of the planters having total control • Black free men on the island began pushing for better treatment of slaves and more equality for free blacks • Several were violently executed by being “broken on the wheel”
Toussaint’s Early Life • Was born into slavery on St. Domingue, father had been a tribal chief in Africa • Received a good education from his godfather and Jesuit missionaries • Was freed in 1776, but worked on the plantation and an important overseer and advisor • Married in 1782 and bought a small plantation • Acquired a small fortune before the Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Rebellion • Free blacks demanded plantation owners recognize the “Rights of Man” • Planters refused and many reform seeking free blacks were executed • These executions ignited slave rebellions across the island in 1791. • Spanish and British forces also attempted to conquer the island during the turmoil. • The Haitian Revolution became a 4 way war for the island: The slaves, British, Spanish, and French all fought for control.
Toussaint Takes Command • Toussaint organized over 100,000 slaves into an army • Focused on discipline and respect, they did not slaughter or butcher the enemy forces • Agreed to help the French take back St. Dominique…the French promised to free all the slaves in return • Toussaint and his forces defeat the Spanish and British • St. Dominique came back under French control in 1801, but all the slaves were freed
Independence • Napoleon sent 27,000 French troops to betray Toussaint, take back St. Dominique, and re-establish slavery • Toussaint attempted to negotiate a peace, but was arrested and sent to France where he died in prison • Haitians continued the fight without Toussaint and defeated the French • 24,000 French soldiers died and Haiti won its independence
Latin America • Most of South America was under Spanish colonial rule • Nationalists and revolutionaries in many South American countries were inspired by the ideas and successes of the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions • The birth of so many new independent nations in the Western Hemisphere led to the creation of the Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was written by the US government and said that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere
