Français III – Leçon 6A Structures

1. Français III – Leçon 6AStructures -Demonstrative pronouns -The subjunctive (Part 1)

2. Demonstrative pronouns • You previously learned the demonstrative adjectives: ce, cet, cette, ces (this/these, that/those). • Demonstrativepronounsrefer to a person or thing that has already been mentioned. Examples of English demonstrative pronouns include this one and those.

3. Example: L’énergie qui coute moins cher est plus dangereuse. Celle qui coute moins cher est plus dangereuse. (The energy that costs less is more dangerous. ) (The one that costs less is more dangerous.)

4. Demonstrative pronouns agree in number and gender with the noun to which they refer. singular plural this one; that one; the one these; those; the ones masculine celui ceux these; those; the ones this one; that one; the one celles celle feminine

5. Demonstrative pronouns must be followed by one of three constructions: -cior –là, arelative clause, or a prepositional phrase.

6. -ci or -là • Quels emballages? Ceux-ci? (Which packages? These here?) • Quelle bouteille? Celle-là en verre? (Which bottle? The glass one there?)

7. Relative clause • Quelle femme? Celle qui parle? (Which woman? The one who is talking?) • C’est celui qu’on a entendu à la radio. (He is the one we heard on the radio.)

8. Prepositional phrase • Quel problème? Celui de l’effet de serre? (What problem? The one about the greenhouse effect?) • Ces sacs coutent plus cher que ceux en papier. (Those bags cost more than the paper ones. )

9. The subjunctive (part 1):Introduction, regular verbs, and impersonal expressions. • With the exception of commands and the conditional, the verb forms you have learned have been in the indicative mood. • The indicative is used to state facts and to express actions or states that the speaker considers real and definite. • In contrast, the subjunctive mood expresses the speaker’s subjective attitudes toward events and actions or states the speaker’s views as uncertain or hypothetical.

10. Subjunctive Endings for Regular Verbs -e -es -e -ions -iez -ent

11. Forming the subjunctive for present one-stem verbs • The je, tu, il/elle, andils/ellesforms of the regular verbs form the subjunctive the same way. • They add the subjunctive endings to the stem of the ils/ellesform of the present indicative. [present subjunctive] [present indicative of ils/elles] [infinitive] parler parlent que je parle finir finissent que je finisse attendre que je attende attendent

12. Forming the subjunctive for present one-stem verbs (cont.) • The nous and vous forms of the present subjunctive are the same as those of the imparfait. Nous  -ions Il faut que nous commencions. (It is necessary that we start) Vous  -iez Il est bon que vous réfléchissiez. (It is good that you’re thinking.)

13. Present subjunctive of one-stem verbs attende parle finisse parles finisses attendes parle attende finisse parlions attendions finissions parliez attendiez finissiez parlent attendent finissent These are called “one-stem verbs” because the same stem is used for all the endings.

14. Two-stem verbs have a different stem for nous and vous, but the rule still applies: the forms are identical to those of the imparfait. Present subjunctive of two-stem verbs achète vienne prenne boive viennes achètes boives prennes boive vienne achète prenne venions achetions buvions prenions achetiez buviez veniez preniez boivent viennent prennent achètent

15. The subjunctive is usually used in complex sentences that consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause. • The main clause contains a verb or expressions that triggers the subjunctive. • The word que connects the two clauses.

16. These impersonal expressions of opinion are often followed by clauses in the subjunctive. It is good that… Il est bon que… It is a shame that… Il est dommage que… Il est essentiel que… It is essential that… It is important that… Il est important que…

17. Il est indispensable que… It is essential that… It is necessary that… Il est nécessaire que… It is possible that… Il est possible que… One must…/it is necessary that… Il faut que… Il vaut mieux que… It is better that…

18. The previous expressions are followed by the infinitive, without que, if no person or thing is specified. • Add de before the infinitive after expressions with être. Il est essentiel qu’on réduise le gaspillage. It is essential that we reduce waste. but Il est essentiel de réduire le gaspillage. It is essential to reduce waste.

19. Review of the Subjunctive (part 1)

20. Subjunctive Endings: - e -es -e -ions -iez -ent • For the pronounsje, tu, il/elle/on, ils/elles: Conjugate the regular verb in the present tense ils/elles form, drop the –ent, then add the subjunctive ending. • For the pronouns nous & vous: Conjugate the regular verb in the present tense nous form, drop the –ons, then add the subjunctive ending for nous and vous (just like l’imparfait).

21. One-stem vs. Two-stem • “one-stem” verbs refer to verbs that only have one form of a stem spelling when following the first step. • Ex: Ilsparlent nous parlons • “two-stem” verbs refer to a stem that changes in the nous and vous form, thus changing the stem. • Ex: Ilsviennent nous venons *Irregular verbs will have their own set of stems

22. When to use the subjunctive: • When you use impersonal expressions of opinion and the word “que” connects two clauses. (present tense indicative mood) Nous parlons au prof. (present tense subjunctive) Il est bon que nous parlions au prof.

23. Il est bon que… It is good that… Il est dommage que… It is a shame that… Il est essentiel que… It is essential that… Il est important que… It is important that…