The European Middle Ages: Rise of the Franks and Feudalism

1. CHAPTER 7 EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

2. A. The Beginnings -IN THE FIFTH CENTURY CE, GERMANIC TRIBES FROM CENTRAL EUROPE TRYING TO ESCAPE THE HUNS FROM EASTERN EUROPE PUSHED INTO WESTERN EUROPE, WHICH WAS CONTROLLED BY THE ROMAN EMPIRE. -FINALLY, THESE GERMANIC TRIBES TOOK CONTROL AND ESTABLISHED SMALL KINGDOMS THROUGHOUT WESTERN EUROPE. - A SERIES OF CHANGES BEGAN TO SWEEP THROUGH WESTERN EUROPE

4. A. The Beginnings (Pg.2) (1) DISRUPTION OF TRADE CONSTANT WARFARE DISRUPTED TRADE AND BUSINESSES BEGAN TO COLLAPSE (2) DOWNFALL OF CITIES THE DISRUPTION OF TRADE DESTROYED EUROPE’S CITIES AS ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS (3) POPULATION SHIFTS AS THE EUROPEAN CITIES COLLAPSED, MANY PEOPLE RETREATED TO THE COUNTRYSIDE, WHERE THEY COULD GROW THEIR OWN FOOD AND BECOME SELF-SUFFICIENT, (4) CHANGE IN LANGUAGE AS THE GERMANIC TRIBES BEGAN TO MIX WITH THE ROMAN POPULATION, THE LATIN LANGUAGE CHANGED.DIFFERENT LOCAL LANGUAGES DEVELOPED AS NEW WORDS AND PHRASES BECAME PART OF EVERYDAY SPEECH. BY THE 800S, FRENCH, SPANISH AND OTHER LATIN BASED LANGUAGES BEGAN TO EVOLVE.

5. B. RISE OF THE FRANKS -THE FRANKS BEGAN TO EMERGE AS THE DOMINATE GERMANIC KINGDOM IN WESTERN EUROPE -THE FRANKS GAINED CONTROL OF THE FORMER ROMAN PROVINCE OF GAUL (PRESENT DAY FRANCE AND SWITZERLAND) 1. CLOVIS -CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY TO GAIN AN ALLIANCE WITH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN ORDER TO GAIN STRENGTH TO DEFEAT THE OTHER GERMANIC KINGDOMS -ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH SUPPORTED CLOVIS IN HIS BATTLES IN ORDER TO GAIN SUPPORT IN WESTERN EUROPE -THIS ALLIANCE MARKED A CHANGE IN THE FOCUS OF THE CHURCH IN GAINING A SECULAR ROLE IN WESTERN EUROPEAN POLITICS DEFINITION SECULAR- NON-RELIGIOUS -UNITED THE FRANKS INTO ONE KINGDOM IN 511 CE

8. 2. CHARLES MARTEL • BECAME LEADER OF THE FRANKS IN 719 CE • -DEFEATED THE MUSLIM INVADERS FROM SPAIN IN THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN 732 • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BATTLE OF TOURS • IF THE MUSLIMS HAD WON, WESTERN EUROPE MIGHT HAVE BECOME PART OF THE MUSLIM EMPIRE • AFTER HIS DEATH, PASSED POWER TO HIS SON,PEPIN • (FIRST KING OF THE CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY • 751-987 CE)

9. CHARLES MARTEL PEPIN AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS

11. 3. CHARLEMAGNE -AKA CHARLES THE GREAT -AFTER PEPIN DIED IN 768 CE, HE LEFT THE KINGDOM TO HIS TWO SONS, CARLOMAN AND CHARLES -AFTER CARLOMAN DIED IN 771 CE, CHARLES TOOK CONTROL OF THE EMPIRE -ADDED LANDS TO THE FRANKISH KINGDOM -SPREAD CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT ALL OF WESTERN EUROPE -IN 800 CE, CHARLEMAGNE’S ARMIES DEFEATED A REBELLION IN ROME THAT ATTACKED THE POPE -IN GRATITUDE, POPE LEO III CROWNED CHARLEMAGNE THE NEW EMPEROR OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE -THIS EVENT SIGNALED THE JOINING OF GERMANIC POWER, THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE HERITAGE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE -WITH THIS, HE BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL KING IN WESTERN EUROPE -AFTER CHARLEMAGNE’S DEATH, INFIGHTING BETWEEN HIS RELATIVES LED TO THE DOWNFALL OF THE FRANKS

14. C. FEUDALISM -AS THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY OF THE FRANKS DECLINE, GROUPS OF INVADERS BEGAN TO TAKE CONTROL OF FRANKISH LANDS ( 850-950 CE) -DURING THIS CHAOTIC TIME, FEUDALISM BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD IN WESTERN EUROPE DEFINITION: IN EXCHANGE FOR MILITARY SERVICE, LOYALTY AND PERCENTAGE OF GOODS, A LORD (WEALTHY LANDOWNER) GRANTED LAND( FIEF) AND PROTECTION TO A VASSAL (PEASANT) - FEUDALISM IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT BASED UPON THIS CONTRACT BETWEEN A LORD AND A VASSAL

15. SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE KING NOBLES KNIGHTS PEASANTS

16. Social Class Structure (1) King- Absolute Ruler of the Feudal Kingdom (2) Nobles- Wealthy Landowners and Church Officials (3) Knights- Mounted Horsemen who pledged to defend the lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs (4) Peasants- Most Peasants were serfs Serfs- landless peasants, whatever they produced belonged to the lord Very Few Peasants owned their own land, however had to perform certain duties for the lord and paid taxes

17. D. MANORIALISM MANORIALISM- THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES BASED ON THE WORK PRODUCED ON THE MANOR MANOR- THE LORD’S ESTATE -GENERALLY, A MANOR COVERED ONLY A FEW SQUARES MILES OF LAND, INCLUDED THE LORD’S MANOR HOUSE, CHURCH, WORKSHOPS, MILL FOR GRINDING GRAIN, HOUSES FOR THE SERFS -FIELDS, PASTURES AND WOODLANDS SURROUNDED THE VILLAGE -15 TO 30 FAMILIES LIVED ON A MANOR -THE MANOR WAS SELF-SUFFICIENT, MEANING ALL GOODS NEEDED WERE PRODUCED ON THE MANOR -MINIMAL TRADE WAS NEEDED (SALT,IRON)

19. D. MANORIALISM (Pg. 2) -BASIC ECONOMIC ARRANGEMENT - RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN THE LORD AND SERFS - LORD PROVIDED THE SERFS WITH HOUSING, FARMLAND AND PROTECTION FROM BANDITS - IN RETURN, THE SERFS RAISED OR PRODUCED EVERYTHING THAT THEY AND THEIR LORD NEEDED - PEASANTS THAT OWNED THEIR OWN LANDS HAD TO PAY TAXES TO THE LORD AND TO THE CHURCH. THEY ALSO HAD TO PERFORM CERTAIN TASKS FOR THE LORD - TITHE-A CHURCH TAX THAT AMOUNTED TO ABOUT ONE-TENTH OF THEIR INCOME

20. E. Role of the Knights -Knights were the most important part of the lord’s army -As an obligation to the lord, the knight’s main duty was to serve in battle -Chivalry- a code of conduct for the knights that emphasized loyalty, bravery and compassion for women, the poor and the weak. -The role of the medieval knights was similar to the role of the samurai in feudal Japan - The code of Chivalry was similar to the code of Bushido for the Japanese samurai

22. F. Power of the Church 1. SENSE OF STABILITY -THE CHURCH PROVIDED A SENSE OF STABILITY AND SENSE OF BELONGING DURING A PERIOD OF GREAT POLITICAL TURMOIL AND WARFARE. -THE FEUDAL CLASS STRUCTURE CREATED DIVISIONS AMONG THE PEOPLE, HOWEVER THE SHARED BELIEFS IN THE TEACHING OF THE CHURCH UNITED PEOPLE. -EVERYDAY LIFE CENTERED AROUND THE CHURCH. EVERY MANOR HAD ITS OWN CHURCH AND LOCAL PRIEST THAT SERVED AS THE RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL CENTER. -LOCAL PRIESTS ADMINISTERED THE SACRAMENTS (RELIGIOUS RITES) TO THE PEOPLE THAT PAVED THE WAY FOR SALVATION.

23. F. Power of the Church (Pg.2) 2. STRUCTURE -SIMILAR TO FEUDALISM, THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH HAD ITS OWN CLASS STRUCTURE. -THE POPE LOCATED IN ROME HEADED THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. -ALL CLERGY (CHURCH OFFICIALS), INCLUDING BISHOPS AND PRIESTS FELL UNDER HIS AUTHORITY. -THE BISHOPS SUPERVISED THE LOCAL PRIESTS, WHO WERE THE LOWEST RANKING CLERGY MEMBERS. -FOR MOST PEOPLE, THE LOCAL PRIESTS SERVED AS THE MAIN CONTACT WITH THE CHURCH. -THE CHURCH ALSO BUILT RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES CALLED MONASTERIES. -CHRISTIAN MEN CALLED MONKS GAVE UP THEIR PRIVATE POSSESSIONS AND DEVOTED THEIR LIVES TO SERVE GOD. -EVENTUALLY, THESE MONASTERIES EVOLVED INTO EDUCATIONAL CENTERS WHERE THE MONKS OPEN SCHOOLS, MAINTAINED LIBRARIES AND COPIED BOOKS

24. F. Power of the Church (Pg.3) 3. CHURCH AUTHORITY -THE CHURCH AUTHORITY WAS BOTH RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL. -THE CHURCH ESTABLISHED A SYSTEM OF JUSTICE KNOWN AS CANON LAW OR CHURCH LAW TO GUIDE PEOPLE’S CONDUCT. -ONE THE HARSHEST PUNISHMENTS THAT FACED PEOPLE WAS EXCOMMUNICATION, OR BANISHMENT FROM THE CHURCH.

25. G. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE -COLLECTION OF GERMAN KINGDOMS IN EUROPE ESTABLISHED IN 962 CE BY OTTO I (OTTO THE GREAT) -LATER, HENRY IV (EMPEROR OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ARGUED OVER THE PRACTICE OF LAY INVESTITURE, WHERE KINGS AND NOBLES APPOINTED BISHOPS AND OTHER CHURCH OFFICIALS -THE POPE BELIEVED THAT HE SHOULD ONLY HAVE THIS POWER AND BANNED LAY INVESTITURE IN 1075 CE -DUE TO THE ARGUMENT, THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATED HENRY IV -IN 1122 CE, BOTH SIDES REACHED A COMPROMISE IN WHICH THE CHURCH WOULD APPOINT THE BISHOPS BUT THE KING HAD VETO POWER

27. Henry IV Pope Gregory

28. H. MEDIEVAL CULTURE -DURING THE MIDDLE AGES, THE CHURCH BUILT LARGE CHURCHES CALLED CATHEDRALS IN POPULATED CITIES TO SHOW THE POWER OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH -THESE CATHEDRALS FEATURE A NEW STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE CALLED GOTHIC. -GOTHIC CATHEDRALS THRUST UPWARD AS IF REACHING TOWARD HEAVEN -NATURAL LIGHT STREAMED IN THROUGH HUGE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS -ALL OF THESE ELEMENTS WERE MEANT TO INSPIRE THE WORSHIPER WITH THE MAGNIFICENCE OF GOD. -THE THEMES OF MEDIEVAL LITERATURE IDEALIZED FEUDAL LIFE AND THE GLORIFIED KNIGHTS AND BATTLES.

30. I.CRUSADES 1. CAUSES -DURING THE LATE 1000S AD, THE SELJUK TURKS, MUSLIMS FROM CENTRAL ASIA GAINED CONTROL OF PALESTINE OR THE “HOLY LAND” TO THE CHRISTIANS. -AFTER THE TURKS TOOK CONTROL OF PALESTINE, THEY MOVED NORTHWARD TO ASIA MINOR. DURING THIS TIME, ASIA MINOR WAS A PART OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (FORMER EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE). -WHEN THE TURKS THREATENED TO ATTACK THE CAPITAL CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE, THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR ASKED POPE URBAN II FOR HELP. -POPE URBAN WAS EAGER TO HELP THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR AND ULTIMATELY REGAIN CONTROL OF THE HOLY LAND BECAUSE CHRISTIANS PILGRIMS WERE BEING PERSECUTED BY THE TURKS. -IN 1095 CE, AT CLERMONT, FRANCE, CHURCH OFFICIALS AND FEUDAL KINGS AGREED TO STOP FIGHTING AMONG THEMSELVES AND UNITE TO HELP THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND WIN BACK THE HOLY LAND FROM THE TURKS. THUS, BEGAN THE CRUSADES.

33. I. CRUSADES (Pg.2) B. FIGHTING FOR THE HOLY LAND - THE CRUSADES HAD ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL GOALS AS WELL AS RELIGIOUS MOTIVES - POPE URBAN II ALSO WANTED TO HELP THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE IN HOPES OF REUNITING THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH WITH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH -EUROPEAN PEOPLE JOINED THE CRUSADES FOR VARIOUS REASONS. -SOME WENT SEEKING SALVATION FROM GOD OF PREVIOUS SINS AND TO RELIEVE THEM FROM FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS -OTHERS HOPED TO GAIN LAND AND WEALTH IN PALESTINE AND SOUTHWEST ASIA. -MERCHANTS SAW A CHANCE TO MAKE MONEY THROUGH TRADE AND THROUGH MAKING LOANS TO LORDS TO FINANCE THEIR JOURNEYS TO BATTLE.

35. I. CRUSADES (Pg.3) 3. Main Events of the Crusades 1st Crusade (1096-1099 CE) -EUROPEAN CRUSADERS PASSED THROUGH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CONSTANTINOPLE INTO PALESTINE. -ASSISTED BY ITALIAN SHIPS THAT BROUGHT SUPPLIES, THE CRUSADERS CAPTURED THE HOLY CITY OF PALESTINE IN JERUSALEM. -CHRISTIANS CONTROLLED PALESTINE FOR ABOUT 50 YEARS 2nd Crusade (1147-1149 CE) -IN 1146 THE TURKS UNITED AND BEGAN TAKING BACK THE CITIES THAT WERE LOST TO THE CRUSADERS IN THE 1ST CRUSADE. -BY 1149, THE TURKS REGAIN CONTROL OF MOST OF PALESTINE. -THE CRUSADERS RETURNED TO EUROPE DISGRACED.

38. I. CRUSADES (Pg.4) 3rd Crusade: 1189-1192 CE -IN 1189, THREE EUROPEAN RULERS (FRANCE, ENGLAND, HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE) LED SEPARATE ARMIES TO RETAKE THE HOLY LAND. - TOOK CONTROL OF VARIOUS PALESTINIAN TOWNS HOWEVER FAILED TO TAKE CONTROL OF JERUSALEM, -BOTH SIDES ENTERED INTO A AGREEMENT WITH THE MUSLIMS WHERE CHRISTIANS COULD ENTER JERUSALEM FREELY 4th Crusade: 1202-1204 CE -ATTACKED AND TOOK CONTROL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. -TURKS EVENTUALLY SEIZED CONSTANTINOPLE AFTER THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE COLLAPSED IN 1453

41. I. CRUSADES (Pg.5) 4. LATER CRUSADES -FOR MANY YEARS, EUROPEAN CRUSADERS TRIED TO RECAPTURE THE HOLY LAND. -THE CRUSADES CONTINUED UNTIL 1291, WHEN THE MUSLIMS TOOK CONTROL OF THE LAST CHRISTIAN CITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST. - WITH THE FALL OF THAT CITY, THE CRUSADES ENDED.

42. J. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES -THE GOAL OF THE CRUSADES WAS TO TAKE THE HOLY LAND FROM THE TURKS. -ALL THE CRUSADES EXCEPT THE FIRST FAILED TO REACH THAT GOAL. -BY THE END OF THE CRUSADES, THE MUSLIMS AGAIN CONTROLLED PALESTINE. -IN EUROPE, HOWEVER, THE CRUSADES HELPED BRING ABOUT MANY CHANGES .

43. Changes (1) TO RAISE MONEY TO GO ON THE CRUSADES, LORDS HAS SOLD THEIR LAND. WITHOUT ANY LAND, THEY HAD NO POWER IN THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. ALSO, MANY LORDS AND NOBLES HAD DIED IN THE CRUSADES. WITH FEWER LORDS, THE KINGS BEGAN TO GROW STRONGER AND BEGIN TO CENTRALIZE THEIR AUTHORITY. THIS BROUGHT AN END TO FEUDALISM

44. J. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES (Pg.2) (2) THE FAILURE OF THE CRUSADES LESSENED THE POWER OF THE POPE IN WESTERN EUROPE. THIS LED TO AN INCREASED POWER OF THE WESTERN EUROPEAN KINGS AS THEY BEGAN TO CENTRALIZE THEIR AUTHORITY (3) DURING THE CRUSADES, THOUSANDS OF EUROPEANS TRAVELED TO THE MIDDLE EAST. THEY EXCHANGED IDEAS AND GOODS WITH THE BYZANTINES AND MUSLIMS. WHEN THE CRUSADERS RETURNED BACK TO EUROPE, THEY BROUGHT THESE NEW IDEAS AND GOODS BACK TO EUROPE. THIS BEGAN A DEMAND FOR THESE NEW PRODUCTS. ITALIAN CITIES BECAME MAJOR TRADING CENTERS BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST. AS A RESULT, THESE ITALIAN CITIES ARE GOING TO BECOME EXTREMELY WEALTHY AND THUS BRING ABOUT THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE.